Yearly Archives: 2022

American Marriage Ministries has been ordaining people like you for over a decade. Our formal training resources are the best, both online and in print. We facilitate ordination so you can focus on achieving a great wedding ceremony. And we`re not the only ones saying that. www.vdh.virginia.gov/Vital_Records/marry.htm for 26 years, McGraw allowed online applications, but that changed as of April 2. To legally marry in the Commonwealth of Virginia, both spouses must be 18 years of age or older in most cases. Minors under the age of 16 or 17 may marry with the written consent of their parents or guardians, and women under the age of 16 may marry if they are pregnant. Steve Benjamin, a legal expert at NBC12, says online ordinations are not recognized by the state and only people authorized by the courts can perform marriages. What about couples who have already been married by someone who holds one of these certificates? “If people are married, really believe that the person was allowed to exercise matrimonial rights, then that marriage is still good,” Benjamin said. The couple can apply for the marriage certificate and have it signed by the district judge. This takes care of all the legal components of marriage.

After ordering your documents and presenting them to the clerk (if necessary), you are ready to celebrate the wedding! We have several online tools available for each guide you need to prepare for the ceremony. These carefully curated resources provide useful tips and information on all aspects of celebrating a wedding ceremony. Designed for our wedding officials, they contain everything you need to plan the perfect ceremony. Although secretariats no longer accept online applications, you may still be eligible to perform marriages, but you must apply to your local court. Virginia has legally recognized same-sex marriage since October 6, 2014. According to the 2015 decision of Obergefell v. Hodges Supreme Court, marriage equality is the law of the land. Virginia offers a lot of fun for future married couples: world-class venues, stunning scenery, and miles of beautiful beaches. If you`re planning a wedding in Old Dominion, there are a few details you need to know. This handy guide explains what you need to make your Virginia wedding legal and valid. Read on for more information about marriage licenses in Virginia, ceremonial requirements, officials, and more. Virginia does not recognize online ordination for religious leaders, including ULC ministers.

This means that ULC ordination is usually not a sufficient reason to perform a legally binding marriage ceremony in the state. However, in some areas, local legislation may allow exceptions. Check with the local county clerk to see if a ULC minister is authorized to perform a ceremony in this area. We are American Marriage Ministries, an IRS 501c3 certified nonprofit church with a mission to enable people from all walks of life to lead weddings. American Marriage Ministries was founded on July 4, 2009 in Washington State. During that time, we ordained more than 989,848 preachers in the United States. To join our national community of AMM ministers, all you have to do is accept our three simple principles: Welcome to the Virginia Marriage Law Guide. Hosting a wedding for a friend or family member can be a great honor, but one that comes with some of the responsibility.

We highly recommend that you read the steps in the guide below and follow the instructions carefully to make sure everything runs smoothly. On this page, you`ll learn how to become a marriage minister, how to marry someone, and what you need to do to make sure marriage is legal in Virginia. Lauren Colombo has all the papers to prove that she is a minister. “I had to pay $39 and change and answer five questions. Kind of like `Are you a criminal?` and `Are you a Christian?` and `Do you believe in a certain faith?` ” she said. Despite official documentation, Holcomb was not ordained. Wedding ceremonies in Virginia can be performed by civil or religious officials. As ordained ministers, ULC clergy are only allowed to perform religious ceremonies. The clerks of the district courts of a county or their deputies and the clerks of the district courts of a city or their deputies are empowered to issue marriage licences in accordance with the law in force to persons who wish to marry on one of the government reserves of that Commonwealth. which are in their respective counties and whose reserves predate the acquisition of any part of the political territory of that Commonwealth, and any marriage solemnized on such reserves, is in all respects as lawful as if it were solemnized in a district or city of the Commonwealth, if the person celebrating the ceremony had the right to do so.

All marriages hitherto contracted within these reserves shall be ratified and legalized in all respects as if they had been contracted in any district or city of the Commonwealth. Marriages between persons belonging to a religious society which does not have an ordained official may be contracted by persons and in the manner prescribed and practiced by such society. A person chosen by the society is responsible for completing the marriage certificate in the same manner as a pastor or other person authorized to solemnize marriages; The person selected by the Société for this purpose is required to sign a deposit of $500 with security. Virginia`s marriage laws determine who can legally solemnize marriage in the state. The legal term for solemnizing a marriage ceremony is called “marriage solemnity”. The people who have the power to perform this act are religious and government leaders. For most Americans, ordination is the easiest way to gain the right to solemnize marriages. While some county clerks may agree with the views expressed in the council`s op-ed, it is not an established jurisdiction and, as defined in the Virginia Code, § 2.2-505, has no legal weight. County clerks do not have the authority to assess the validity of your certificates or implement their interpretation of the law.

Other restrictions on couples wishing to marry include a ban on marriages between siblings, including adopted siblings; between aunts or uncles and nieces or nephews; and if one of the spouses is already married. Relatives other than siblings and aunts or uncles and nieces or nephews are legally allowed to marry, including first-degree cousins As an ordained minister online, you are about to get married in Virginia. In addition to our free online ordination, we provide you with all the official training materials you need to run weddings with confidence. Whether you`re celebrating weddings in Virgnia Beach, Norfolk, Arlington or even Pembroke, AMM has everything you need to create an amazing ceremony. Your next step is to observe all official registrations required by the Virginia government. Click the button below to learn more. “Following Roanoke County Clerk Steve McGraw`s announcement that his office would no longer accept marriage rite requests from ministers ordained online, American Marriage Ministries (AMM) is considering its legal options. In general, ministers must still register in Virginia. As requested by county officials, please order your equipment well in advance of the ceremony so that you have everything you need on time. While you`re in the online store, be sure to check out other ministerial supplies available there – we offer hundreds of items you might be interested in to promote your service! Each state is unique when it comes to marriage laws, and the Commonwealth of Virginia is in the minority on several important issues, such as witness requirements and the treatment of online ordination.

Don`t forget to activate your hazard lights if you stop a broken down vehicle on the emergency lane, even during the day. Texas drivers may travel on an “enhanced shoulder” or paved shoulder, in some cases if deemed necessary and can be safely completed in accordance with Texas Transportation Code Section 545.058. Drivers also have the option of using the right shoulder to avoid a collision or when traffic control equipment such as construction barrels require it. Even if driving on an enhanced emergency lane is one of these legitimate uses, the driver can only do so if it is necessary and safe. In other words, running along your shoulder to pass other vehicles traveling at normal speed is not acceptable. If a police officer sees you, there could be a ticket. “Unless specifically requested by a local representative. For example, a deputy who directs the flow of traffic to the emergency lane in order to move traffic around an accident site. Overtaking on the emergency lane, even in traffic jams, is illegal and dangerous,” said Bobby Guidroz, sheriff of St. Landry Parish.

The St. Landry Parish Sheriff`s Office responds to thousands of complaints each year about some form of accident or vehicle breakdown. Often, these complaints include traffic jams, blocked roads and general confusion before the MP arrives. The answering machine is obliged to help first in case of injury, then set up traffic control and gradually reduce traffic jams if possible. Impatient drivers who personally take that their trip has been delayed and decide to drive on the emergency lane make the situation worse, put lives at risk and are arrested. Our New York City Transportation Office has helped many motorists reduce or avoid the consequences of various types of traffic violations, including those associated with driving on emergency lanes. On the right hard shoulder, it is permitted to drive to stop, stand or park the vehicle; accelerate before entering the lane; or before a right turn. The use of the right shoulder is also permitted if you pass another vehicle that is slowing or has stopped in the lane or is about to turn left, or to let a faster vehicle pass. Hargroder argued that the mere fact that a driver overtakes a slow driver on the emergency lane is not sufficient evidence of a traffic violation. The Ninth District agreed, but added that the soldier also said he was looking at Hargroder`s lawn. This alone would justify the traffic stop, even if Hargroder had a legitimate reason for driving on the emergency lane.

Driving along the shoulder of the road to prevent slow or stopped traffic is illegal in any state. Do not be tempted to use the shoulder in this way, as this will aggravate and endanger other road users. Travelling on the emergency lane to pass other vehicles is considered reckless driving and may result in a serious ticket, points added to your driver`s licence or a driver`s licence ban. If a traffic control device or authorized personnel asks you to use your left shoulder. The Texas Department of Public Safety (DPS) suspended Hargroder`s driver`s license after he was arrested for impaired driving. Hargroder challenged the suspension, which found its way to a DPS administrative judge and district court before eventually ending up in the Texas Ninth District Court of Appeals. In the end, the Court of Appeal upheld the stay. While drinking and driving isn`t a problem, a traffic violation alone can add points to your driver`s license and force you to take your time fighting a questionable ticket. If you need legal advice or representation from an experienced traffic attorney in Galveston, contact the law firm of Tad Nelson & Associates today.

Drivers must never drive on the emergency lane with the sole intention of passing another vehicle. The use of the emergency lane for overtaking is permitted only if staying in the main lane would result in a collision; For example, if the driver in front of you suddenly stops and you don`t have time to slow down so you don`t hit him. If you pay a fine for a ticket you receive for driving on the side of the road, it will be considered an admission of violation of New York City traffic and vehicle rules. You cannot defend yourself against allegations that you have committed a moving offence and are liable to all penalties associated with a traffic violation. Instead of just admitting guilt, contact the NY Traffic Firm to find out if there`s a way to fight the ticket or reduce penalties. Motorists convicted of traffic offences also receive points on their driver`s licence, the number of points being determined by the offence in question. Driving on the emergency lane leads to two points on your driver`s license. A total of 11 points over an 18-month period means that a driver is exposed to the real risk of having their driver`s licence revoked.

While the price of the controllers varies depending on the motor and supplier, the cheapest one costs around $1,000 and the expensive options can reach $10,000. We recommend contacting your EV automotive engineer first for practical alternatives. Not only does this benefit the environment, but converting electric vehicles is also a proven solution to reduce operating costs for vehicle owners. This is especially true in the United States, as diesel cars cost 10 cents per mile, while electric cars only cost about 3 cents per mile. Imagine starting to use an electric car today – in ten years, you`ll save around $6,320 compared to its diesel counterpart. Many battery technologies are available for riding electric bikes. The most common and cost-effective battery technology is sealed lead acid, but LiFePO4 is quickly becoming the battery of choice for the electric bike. The conversion process starts with choosing the right car for conversion. The potential car must be powered by gasoline or diesel to qualify.

Converting your diesel vehicle to an electric vehicle is a complex process that requires specialist knowledge and practical know-how in the fields of mechanical engineering, electricity and automotive engineering. Here`s a simplified breakdown of what you can expect during an electric vehicle conversion process. Spurred on by the climate crisis, EV conversions address the lack of availability of new EVs and also offer a more affordable route for many, as new EVs remain more expensive than their internal combustion engine counterparts. This has also led the EV conversion industry to move away from rebuilding classic and high-end cars. [3] [4] Switching from gas to electricity is generally cheaper than buying a brand new electric vehicle. In some cases, it is even cheaper to buy a used gasoline vehicle and convert it to an electric vehicle than to buy a new electric vehicle. However, prices vary, some conversion kits cost more than others, and you`ll save a lot more money if you can do the conversion yourself than if you have to pay for the work in addition to buying the kit. EVWest, for example, converted a 1963 Volkswagen Beetle to electric with a conversion kit, as shown in this video. However, the number of batteries you need depends on the size of your vehicle.

Larger batteries take up more space to fit as standard. Some vehicles are easier to convert than others because some automakers sell conversion kits for their older vehicles (but most don`t). Is it possible to return my electric car to its original diesel form once the electric vehicle conversion is complete? An electric bike is a conventional bicycle that has been equipped with an electric motor. Most commonly, e-bikes or e-bikes are powered by rechargeable batteries, but some experimental e-bikes run directly on solar panels, fuel cells, gas generators, or other alternative energy sources, or charge their batteries. The use of an on-board generator set may affect the legal definition of an electric bike. Some types of e-bikes are capable of recovering a small amount of energy during braking and can recharge the batteries when braking or descending (regenerative braking). Electric cars require no gasoline and less maintenance, they have better resale values and are more reliable overall because fewer parts have to break down. Most components are semiconductor electronic components with no moving parts. The engine of an electric car has an almost infinite lifespan; Components are likely to last longer than the chassis. Have you thought about going electric? In addition to the zero-emission advantage, electric vehicles are cheaper to maintain than gasoline-powered vehicles.

Not to mention, electricity is cheaper than gasoline in most places. Air conditioning is a bit more difficult, but there are options to power your existing air conditioning compressor or install a heat pump. Vacuum accessories can be replaced by electronic alternatives or driven by an electric vacuum pump. Battery-powered short-range electric vehicles can offer comfort, utility and speed to the hobbyist, sacrificing only range. Short-range electric vehicles can be built with high-power lead-acid batteries that use about half the mass needed for a range of 100 to 130 km (60 to 80 miles). The result is a vehicle with a range of about 50 km (30 miles) that does not require power steering with proper weight distribution (40/60 front to rear), offers exceptional acceleration at the lower end of its range, and is roadworthy and legal. But their electric vehicles are expensive because of the higher cost of these more powerful batteries. By incorporating a manual transmission, short-range electric vehicles can achieve both better performance and greater efficiency than single-entry electric vehicles developed by leading manufacturers. Unlike converted golf carts used for neighborhood electric vehicles, short-haul electric vehicles can travel on typical suburban arteries (where speed limits of 60 to 80 km/h, 35 to 50 mph are typical) and can follow typical traffic on these roads and the “slow” short entrances and exits of common highways in suburban areas. Finally, manual vehicles are better to convert than automatic transmission vehicles. This is because manual engines are less complex and lighter than automatic transmissions.

XL Fleet is the leading provider of electric vehicle conversions, while Motiv Power Systems and Lightning eMotors offer OEM factory products, EV chassis and vehicle repowering options. Upgrading from a gasoline-powered car to an electric vehicle (EV) has many advantages. Electric vehicles are not only better for the environment. They also last longer and customers can save money in the long run after the change. However, there are sometimes barriers to this initial investment, and potential buyers are turning to converting electric vehicles for a more cost-effective option. What type of car is the best candidate for an electric conversion? A lightweight car (about 2,000 to 3,000 pounds of curb weight) with a manual transmission is ideal. Heavier vehicles can limit the range of the electric motor, and automatic transmissions consume too much energy because the engine has to constantly idle. In 2008, Palestinian electrical engineer Waseem Othman al-Khozendar invented a way to convert his car into 32 electric batteries.

According to al-Khozendar, the batteries can be charged with $2 worth of electricity to travel 110 to 150 miles (180-240 km). After a seven-hour charge, the car should also be able to drive up to a speed of 100 km/h (60 mph). [12] [13] The conversion of an internal combustion engine vehicle to operate as a battery electric vehicle has two main objectives. The first is to reduce emissions from vehicles already on the road, because electric vehicles themselves do not produce emissions. Once everything has been removed, an electric motor is installed in place of the gasoline engine. If the gearbox has been removed, it must be replaced with a new one at that time. If necessary, the new electric motor is screwed to the gearbox via an adapter plate and secured with motor mounts. Depending on the vehicle and conversion kit, adapter mounts for engine mounts may be required. Hobbyists often build their own electric vehicles by converting existing production cars to run solely on electricity.

There is a cottage industry that supports the conversion and construction of BEVs by hobbyists. [11] Universities like the University of California, Irvine are even building their own electric or hybrid cars from scratch. The State of California is making arrangements for the inspection of electric vehicle conversions. Electric vehicles are exempt from the emissions test. A vehicle can be either a major new construction or a conversion of an existing vehicle. Aftermarket electric vehicles are legal as long as they “meet emissions and safety standards set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and state agencies such as the California Air Resources Board,” according to the U.S. Department of Energy.

Other rules and regulations regarding conversions are promulgated at the state level. Most states require a vehicle to be re-registered with the Department of Motor Vehicles as a converted electric vehicle. Knowing your battery voltage is crucial when choosing a charger for EV conversion. You need to identify the maximum and minimum voltage of your battery, and the voltage range of your charger should also match the capacity of the battery. Chargers that can withstand a higher voltage range will of course cost you a lot of money. While the process can be confusing, be sure to contact your automotive specialist for a clear timeline for completion. If you have any questions or want to know how far an electric vehicle can go, read our article here. If you do the work yourself, you could potentially get an electric Porsche for less than $25,000. That`s a pretty high investment in an older vehicle, but it`s still less than what you`d pay for a brand new electric vehicle like a Chevrolet Bolt or Nissan Leaf.

Is it worth converting a combustion engine vehicle into an electric vehicle? It all depends on the vehicle you drive and what you want to do with it. It might be worth it if it`s cheaper for you to do an EV conversion than to buy a brand new electric vehicle. The weight of your vehicle is also an important factor as it has an impact on fuel efficiency. In short, a light vehicle does not consume as much electricity as heavy vehicles. Not to mention, you have a longer range with a lightweight electric vehicle. After discharge, the removed parts are replaced with new drive components such as the electric motor and a battery set. It essentially gives your car new life! Dealers or importers of engines outside of U.S. specifications must consider all legality issues before selling in California.

Then there`s the almost wild campsite: a network of places ready to welcome campers looking for a wilder, more secluded or quieter camping experience.” Ideally, this map shows all the places where you can camp almost wild in the UK. There are over 100 options across the UK and you`ll even find extra extras like nature walks, fishing or pottery in some of them. Winner. The situation is different in Wales, where wild camping is allowed for an established list of local farms. The Brecon Beacons National Park Authority provides a list of local farms. Some of the farms included in the list are the Argoed Barns, which offer spectacular panoramic views from Hay Bluff to the Brecon Beacons over the Black Mountains. However, at the end of 2021, a new law came into effect that changed all that and allowed wild camping under certain conditions. As long as you are outside the protected areas, you are currently allowed to stay in a community for up to 48 hours. There is a fine between €60 and €300 for violating these rules. Of course, sacrifices must be made. Expect to leave the creature`s comfort behind. The intrepid wild camper must carry all his food, fuel and water (or the means to purify his own “wild” water).

They must give up their usual hygiene routines, put away energy-hungry appliances and brave bad weather without the reassuring presence of a backup Bothy. Wild camping is legal almost everywhere in Scotland. Scotland has so-called “homelessness rights” laws that allow people to walk, hike, camp and swim in nature without (too) restrictions. However, there are limits to these rights; For example, you can`t just camp in someone`s backyard, golf course, or school soccer field. Once you`ve identified a site that you think might be good for camping, check to see if you think it might be restricted. Even if wild camping is allowed, you should still follow the general guidelines. You must respect the area, wildlife and other campers. Wild camping is generally not allowed in Spain, and you should also be careful about how you park. “It`s illegal to park in a wild, non-camping place and take out the awning, table, chairs, or even open the windows (as long as they don`t slip) because it`s already called camping,” says Pitchup. “This also applies to beaches, and in Spain, camping on the beach or any form of sleep on the beach is prohibited.” In some municipalities, you can be fined up to 1000 euros. Of course, you have to go to the bathroom when camping in nature. However, you need to make sure to get away from natural waterways and bury anything you might leave behind.

Dispose of feminine hygiene products such as garbage, as burying wildlife can attract and be dangerous. While there`s nothing wrong with a good, old-fashioned campground, there`s something about wild camping that really makes the juice flow. After all, that`s how it should be, just you, a tent, a rope café and the elements. Wild camping has covered the entire gamut over the years, from standard family vacations to adventurers` domain and vice versa. To be honest, wild camping is for everyone. If you plan well and prepare, wild camping doesn`t have to be scary. There will always be an element to play it by ear, but that`s part of the charm! In general, permission from the owner must be obtained before camping anywhere in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. However, wild camping is allowed on Dartmoor for up to two consecutive nights at the same location, provided it is more than 100 metres from public roads and is not in a closed or otherwise restricted area. Wild camping regulations vary by region in the UK. In Scotland, wild camping is allowed in most natural places due to the Scottish Open Air Access Code. Wild camping is generally prohibited in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. However, there are some exceptions to the rule that allow for some level of wilderness camping in certain areas or national parks.

In most cases, wild camping is permitted throughout Scotland under access rights under the Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2003. There are, of course, exceptions to this “anywhere” rule – for example, we wouldn`t want to hit someone`s front yard or disturb each other in general. Conventional camping has something of a flaw for some. The desire to escape into rural tranquility and become one with nature is often thwarted by spinning car engines, smelly toilet blocks and a large group of campers. Wild camping, which is illegal in England and Wales except for parts of Dartmoor, but largely legal in Scotland, may offer the solution. Are you planning to swap the city for wilderness this year? Set up your canvas at one of the UK`s wild campsites Wild camping laws in the UK vary depending on the country you want to camp in. In general, it is illegal to camp in the wild in England and Wales without the express permission of the landowner. Many landowners enjoy hosting wild campers, but only if they respect the area where they are camping. In general, wild camping without the owner`s permission is illegal in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. But wild camping isn`t off limits in Scotland, so technically you can plant wherever you want, even in the country`s incredible national parks. There are some restrictions in the areas around Loch Lomond. For more information, visit the Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park website and the Scotland Outdoor Access Guide.

Making a wilderness site legal is as simple as asking a landowner if it`s okay to pitch for a night or two. From time to time, you may want to know who owns the land you want to camp on before you go to an area, but most of the time you`ll accidentally stumble upon a perfect place to plant. If there is a farm nearby, it is only polite and reasonable (let alone legal) to ask if you can stay. If agreed, you can rest and enjoy your night`s sleep. Knowing that your pitch cannot be questioned and that you will not wake up in unsuitable terrain. And who knows – if you ask a landowner, you might even be directed to a better place than the one you found yourself, because they know where the best views are, where it can get swampy under your feet and where the cattle then graze. However, there are many places in Europe where wild camping is officially allowed. This article explains exactly what the offer is in several of the most popular European holiday destinations.

If you want to give it a try, make sure you`re equipped with one of the best backpack tents, and if you don`t like totally wild camping, check out Pitchup`s “Fast Wild Campgrounds” (opens in a new tab). After all, one of the main joys of camping in the wilderness is being so close to nature. It is therefore important that you also take care of the environment and leave no trace. Always leave the site in better condition than you found it, both in terms of waste and damage to the natural habitat. People regularly venture outside to enjoy the scenery and scenery of our beautiful countryside and national parks. So try to camp in small groups and not invade large areas of natural beauty. In Wales and England, almost all land is owned by someone and there is no law giving people access to someone else`s land, making wild camping generally illegal. The best option is to camp in one of the thousands of campsites that exist in England and Wales. However, if you`re looking for wilderness campsites in Wales and England, you can do so if you get permission from landowners to camp on their land.

In Scotland, the Scottish Land Reform Act allows you to camp in nature almost anywhere. The Land Act, which came into force in 2005, gives everyone the “right of access to land and inland waters throughout Scotland”. This allows travellers to enjoy Scottish nature as wild camping is allowed in the general guidelines. The guidelines allow you to use someone else`s land as long as you show consideration and respect, that is, leave no trace while limiting noise and disturbance. In Slovenia, wild camping can also be called boondocking, dry camping or scattered camping. No matter what you call it, it`s not allowed. Wild camping in Croatia is prohibited; A rule strictly enforced in tourist areas, along the coast and in national parks. You can pay a fine of 3000 kn (approx. 400 euros) if you camp outside registered campsites or approved parking spaces for motorhomes. If you want to camp in England or Wales, you have options.

Dartmoor National Park actually allows wild camping in some areas, with a few simple rules. Campers must carry all their equipment on foot and stay a maximum of two nights.

Lemurs, marmosets, squirrel monkeys and capuchins must be registered. In addition, monkeys need adequate mental stimulation. They are animals of great intelligence and sensitivity. Your need to train their cognitive abilities and improve their emotional abilities to stay happy, healthy and active. A sedentary or bored monkey can suffer from stress and develop many behavioral problems. These animals need enrichment sessions and games to stay healthy. Common sense and logic should be used to fill the gaps left by inadequate legislation on the ownership of exotic animals. For example, while it is not illegal in many countries to have a marmoset as a pet, anyone considering adopting one should consider what conditions must be met to place it in a suitable environment. Every animal deserves to live a dignified, happy and healthy life. Your rights to this kind of life should not be replaced by a person`s desire to have a cute pet. If owning a monkey is something you`ve really put your heart into, and you realize that it`s hard to get a monkey (or if continuous monkey care isn`t feasible for you), you may also want to consider monkey sponsorships.

Jungle Friends is a referral service for monkeys released from research labs. A one-year donation provides food, shelter and enrichment opportunities to the monkey of your choice and gives you a sponsorship certificate, photo and access to a video link of the monkeys in their nature reserve. Potential owners: If you can`t meet these needs, you won`t have a happy, healthy monkey no matter what someone tells you! Primates need space, enrichment and a lot of time. Monkeys do not grow and mature like human children. They are basically permanent toddlers. Pet monkeys may also not take new people into your life well, including spouses and children, and they make it difficult to go on vacation. In addition, it is extremely difficult and psychologically difficult for the monkey to find a new home for a monkey. Primates, such as monkeys, could be kept illegally as pets where you live.

And if a monkey is legal to own, permits may still be required. Sometimes, licensees are subject to home inspections to ensure adequate facilities and care are provided. Special permits are required for the possession of a capuchin monkey by persons with disabilities. Before acquiring a capuchin monkey, it`s important to do a lot of research on its needs and requirements to make sure you can fulfill your duties as an owner. It`s a good idea to connect with other people who have managed to care for and own a capuchin monkey to get their perspective. Due to various ecological and social needs, capuchin monkeys can be very difficult to care for. In childhood (up to the age of five), they are considered more tame and easier to maintain, but they quickly become a handful and are not a suitable choice for pet owners who have no previous experience with primates. It is possible for a monkey to get T.B. from humans, and Old World monkeys seem to be more exposed by the people who catch and ship them.

At least it is more common among Old World monks and very rare among New World monks. TB tests and X-rays can be used as diagnostic tools to determine if your monkey is affected. Ask your veterinarian or doctor to perform the tests. Since 2018, it is legal to own a capuchin monkey in North Carolina, Florida, Nevada, Ohio, Texas, Mississippi, Tennessee, Alabama, West Virginia, Indiana, Arkansas, Wyoming, North Dakota, Nebraska and Kansas. Laws are constantly changing, and if you`re considering getting a capuchin monkey, do extensive research on your state and local laws. It is also a good idea to check the history and legitimacy of the breeder through whom you want to preserve your pet. Connecticut has a grandfathering system for all monkeys that belonged prior to 1/10/2010, but no longer allows permits. In Illinois, residents can only own a capuchin monkey if they have a service or permanent motor disability. Any other form of private property is prohibited. Non-native raccoons can be kept as pets with proper veterinary inspection and proof of legal ownership. You may be wondering at this point why it is illegal to keep a monkey as a pet in so many places? The main reason is to protect them from abusive practices in the pet trade. These include removal from their natural habitat, abuse, physical violence as a discipline, inappropriate housing and often abandonment.

This is often due to monkeys bought on the black market by people who have little or no understanding of a monkey`s requirements. Capuchin monkeys need a lot of physical and mental stimulation to thrive. They don`t thrive well in small enclosures and need plenty of space to walk around, climb trees, and explore their territory. Desert tortoises can be adopted short-term by the state every year from April 1 to September 30 under a special program. Because of the danger associated with pet ownership, some states completely prohibit the possession of wild or exotic animals, while most simply limit ownership to certain species. For example, South Carolina prohibits the possession of lions as pets, but you can still own a monkey. In Arkansas, you can own bobcats, but no more than six at a time. South Dakota allows you to keep a bear on your property, but domestic pigs are prohibited. Some states have not completely banned monkeys as pets. These states have some sort of law or restriction that those who want to keep monkeys as pets must abide by. At the time of that 2012 letter, Arizona, Indiana, Mississippi and Tennessee all have partial bans on owning monkeys.

These bans make it illegal to own monkeys, but not monkeys. Tennessee residents can have any type of monkey except a baboon, and monkeys are not allowed. In Arizona, all monkeys are allowed, but monkeys are not. In Indiana, you can have monkeys and great apes, but you must have a permit for monkeys. Mississippi allows all monkeys except baboons and macaques and prohibits all types of monkeys. Florida and Texas allow some types of monkeys but ban others. These laws are evolutionary, so check your own state`s statutes if you`re considering having a monkey as a pet. Currently, monkeys are protected by CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora). It was a convention created by the United Nations to regulate trade and combat illegal trade in animals.

It focuses particularly on animals that have threatened their survival. However, each country may have its own legislation for the native breeding of alien or invasive species. Simians are not known to be immune to any of the viral diseases known to humans, many of which can be fatal to them. The book “Laboratory Primate Diseases” states that injecting the hepatitis virus into monkeys did not cause symptoms of the disease, but some became carriers. Chimpanzees are best known for transmitting it to humans. The African green monkey and rhesus are known to transmit the B virus, which is deadly to humans. The squirrel monkey may carry another B virus that kills marmosets, douroucouli and possibly titis and sakis, but does not appear to affect humans. Basically, a monkey has the same medical problems as humans and should be treated the same. They develop ulcers, cancer, diabetes, high blood pressure and heart, liver and kidney diseases. In addition, it can be difficult to keep a captive monkey healthy. For example, monkeys often need special diets, the preparation of which can be expensive and time-consuming.

Diabetes is common in pet monkeys due to the poor diet that many owners give them. It`s just a disease that requires constant monitoring from you and your veterinarian. However, there are other danger signs that indicate the condition: eyes that protrude more than normal, a mouth that does not close completely, a tongue that protrudes a little, too much or too few teeth. There may be bent, stiff or too short arms and legs, a slight back to hump, an inability to open and close the fingers or toes, bony pimples on the wrists and sometimes tics (involuntary jerky movements) or seizures that seem to be a type of epilepsy. This condition develops in newly imported young monkeys that suffer the shock of captures, infections crammed by others in the same box or cage, and parasites that could not harm in the wild but can now prove serious. You take on a huge responsibility when you adopt a baby monkey. Being the caretaker can be difficult, expensive and time-consuming. However, monkeys can be very affectionate and loyal companions for 15 to 20 years if raised properly. You must comply with several laws and regulations when choosing one of these animals.

Start with your state law, move to county law, and end with local city ordinances. Where you live can greatly affect your ability to adopt a baby monkey. In addition, a monkey needs a large amount of social interaction. A pet monkey that is deprived of your time and attention is likely to develop not only serious behavioral problems such as yelling and biting, but also psychological problems that can be difficult to solve. There is no sure answer to the question “What makes a better pet, male or female?” All monkeys are individuals, but usually males of larger species become more difficult to handle. It was said, “The only good monkey is a sick monkey.” No two are the same and dogmatic statements about them simply cannot be made. If you need to tame a monkey, enjoy its natural curiosity. He is scared, but if you hold something shiny or shiny in your hands and play with it, he usually comes to see and soon plays with his fingers, look at his rings or looks, etc.

It is generally legal for a minor to be in a non-sexual romantic relationship with an adult child. This includes minors dating a 18-year-old, 19-year-old, 20-year-old, 21-year-old, etc. Take, for example, the law in Texas. The state`s Romeo and Juliet Act states that a minor can legally consent to sexual intercourse if: The age of consent is different in each state. The age at which consensual sex is legal is between 16 and 18 years. Once a person reaches the age of consent in their state, they are considered fit to have sex with someone who has reached or exceeded the age of consent. Texas is a state that has a Romeo and Juliet law. It states that a minor may legally consent to sexual contact or penetration if: Please read our related page to find out if an 18-year-old can date a 16-year-old. California, for example, does not have such a law. Anyone who has sexual intercourse or sexual intercourse with another person under the legal age of consent can be charged with a crime.

The only exception is if the sexual partners were legally married. Take, for example, the Nevada law. The state says it is illegal to have “penetrative sex” with a minor. Penetrative sex involves one of the following sexual acts: For example, some states have laws that allow older people to date younger people as long as they are not married. In other states, you can legally date someone who is 16, but only if you accept that there is no chance of future intimacy. In other states, the age of 18 is legally considered the dividing line between whether or not you can date someone. And when you`re 16, you can only date someone who`s 18 or younger. With such sentencing sentences, defendants should urgently consider establishing a solicitor-client relationship with a defense attorney. With legal help from a lawyer at a reputable law firm, accused and young adults can avoid a conviction for a serious sexual offence. Keep in mind that states don`t enact laws regarding who you can date. However, there are laws when it comes to who you can have sex with.

Not anymore. Since 8. As of December 2020, the Los Angeles District Attorney`s Office (LADA) will no longer seek the death penalty in ongoing or future murder cases. And for the defendants currently on death row, LADA is no longer seeking an execution date. Does the death penalty still exist in California? Prosecutors in California except. In California, attempted robbery occurs when someone intends to use force or fear to take someone`s property and then performs an act to promote the theft. It is a violent crime punishable by 3 years in prison. However, there are strong legal defenses that a criminal defense attorney can use.

The parents of a minor are not the only ones who can oppose these relationships. The age of consent is a matter of national law. States have historically had mixed feelings about allowing young adults to engage in adult-to-adult relationships. The same is true for the federal government. The federal government could intervene in these cases if a couple crosses state borders. The same goes for those who send e-mail messages containing sexually explicit material. Whether or not you can date someone under the age of 18 depends on where you both live. Many states have implemented Romeo and Juliet laws to protect young people.

And while they`re more forgiving than parents, they`re not always friendlier. The Romeo and Juliet laws provide an age-related exception to legal allegations of rape. This is a legal defense against the charge of a serious sex crime. The defence is that, while it is true that one sexual partner did not reach the age of consent, the other partner did not commit a crime because he or she was that age. These laws protect high school darlings who have sex from a harsh conviction for sexual assault. In the following states, the legal age of consent is 18: Federal law prohibits traveling with a minor across state borders for sexual purposes. This means that a legal relationship in a state could be problematic simply by crossing the borders of a state. There are also problems with federal child pornography laws. A person who is not at risk of arrest for having sex with a minor under near-age laws could still violate the federal prohibition on child pornography by recording or distributing images of a meeting. The question of what your state`s laws say about legal age differences is much easier to answer if you look at the states that allow it. It`s helpful to understand these general principles, but it can only tell you a lot. It is important to consider the laws of your state when deciding whether or not to enter into a relationship with someone under the age of 18.

When a state makes it illegal to have sex with a minor, the crime is commonly referred to as legal rape.

A written contract is your chance to define exactly what you want from your team, protect your business from misunderstandings, and lay the foundation for a good relationship with your employees. You are also protected from victimization because you filed a discrimination complaint or presented evidence in a complaint filed by another employee. If the employment proceeds normally as agreed, the contract is deemed to have been performed; If the contract does not proceed according to its terms because one of the parties does not function as agreed, that part is called a breach. If the terms of the proposed contract are deemed appropriate for the applicant, the interviewer must decide whether or not the refusal or exclusion was justified. For an analysis of misrepresentation and misrepresentation in relation to paragraph 1257(a) of the Unemployment Insurance Act, see Miscellaneous (MI) 45. The trial court not only relied on the provisions of the contract, but also found that Lassie did exercise control and direction over the authors. There is substantial evidence to support this finding of fact. Lassie exercised considerable control over how an author made a television play out of a story. In this case, the employer is entitled to the patent, regardless of whether the employee invented the thing in the course of employment or outside of it. For example, if the employee is hired to invent a new machine, he cannot invent that machine in his spare time and claim the patent for himself. It is recommended that employers provide written employment contracts with specific terms and conditions to minimize the risk of a dispute over working conditions. The provision of a written employment contract also complies with the legal obligation to provide written information. Any employee who works for your company for more than one month is entitled to a “written statement of employment data”.

No matter how many hours they work or what work model they might fall into, this is true for everyone. If your employer breaks your contract, you should first try to resolve the issue informally with them. In Tieberg v. Unemployment Insurance Appeals Board, a 1970 case before the California Supreme Court, Tax sought to collect contributions from Lassie Television for the salaries of writers who wrote television stories and plays. Lassie claimed that the writers were independent contractors who were featured in Empire Star Mines and other business. Both an employee and an employer can violate the terms of an employment contract, whether the contract is written or oral. Often, allegations of breach of contract relate to compensation or termination issues. The performance of an employment contract varies according to state law. For this reason, you should know the terms and conditions of the contract before entering into a written employment contract. In some states, an oral employment contract is inapplicable if a company promises individual employment for more than one year. In the case of long-term employment, there should be a signed written agreement. Otherwise, it is assumed that the employment relationship takes place at will and can be terminated by both parties.

Legally, there is no probationary period. Once you start working, the number of weeks you worked starts on the day you started, not when your probationary period ended. Your full contractual rights also began with your first day of work, unless your contract provides otherwise. A file review shows that some of the factors listed above, such as (1) to (8), suggest that the authors were employees, others reflect an independent contractor relationship, while still others are not relevant in the circumstances or are not conclusively demonstrated by the evidence. Employees enjoy greater protection in the workplace than, for example, independent contractors. The status of an employee is therefore crucial in determining the rights and obligations attributed to the parties. You probably don`t need a contract if you`re hiring an administrative assistant, shipping clerk, or IT employee, but it can be a really good idea if you`re in other positions. Here are some cases where a contract is required. The hospital reassured Dr.

Elizaga and offered him a job, which he could not accept because he could not get a visa. He was eventually granted a visa and the hospital offered Dr. Elizaga a job effective July 1, 1969, a few months after the hospital learned that the professorship would end on June 30, 1969. Dr. Elizaga and his family moved to Portland. The hospital informed Dr. Elizaga that he could not be hired and would have to seek employment elsewhere. Dr. Elizaga filed a lawsuit.

Some of your legal rights only come into effect after you have worked for an employer for a certain period of time. For more information, see our article on the beginning of certain employee rights. A serious breach of contract is defined as “the non-performance without legal excuse of a promise that constitutes all or part of a contract” (Black`s Law Dictionary). A serious violation may result in dismissal or dismissal, and the applicant may apply for unemployment insurance benefits. A serious breach occurs when the contract cannot be saved, either because one of the parties does not want it saved or for other external reasons. Basically, the record showed that Miller can only ask for two promotions and regular pay raises during his 11 years at Pepsi. Promotions and salary increases are natural cases where an employee stays with an employer for an extended period of time. These factors should not change the status of an employee “at will” to an employee who may be dismissed solely for “cause”. We believe Miller had no legally binding contract with Pepsi. Under the applicable law (see Preface 20), the employer and the plaintiff can negotiate almost any working arrangement. The term “terms and conditions of employment” means such things as wages, meals, accommodation, hours of work, safety rules, workload and schedules, breaks, vacation and vacation, sick leave, promotions and transfers, hiring process, admissible grounds for dismissal, grievances and arbitration, layoffs, retraining, severance pay, subcontracting, plant moves, partial closures and cessation or sale of the business.

if applicable. Jane and Harry agree that Harry will start working as a gas station attendant on Monday morning. Its opening hours are from 6:30 a.m. to 2:30 p.m. Sunday to Thursday; And it pumps gasoline and washes windshields, helps with self-service pump if needed, etc. Jane believes that Harry understands that he has to pay to clean his uniform. Harry has never paid to clean his uniform and does not understand that Jane is asking him to pay for it. When Jane Harry mentions cleaning, he resists and rejects this condition of employment. There is no leaders` meeting and no contract has been concluded. As noted earlier in Tieberg, the wording of the agreement between the authors and the producers, which included the collective agreement, ultimately determined their status as employees: the Court held that the agreement designated the authors as “employees” and contained provisions that were appropriate only if the authors were employees; and failure by the authors to comply with the agreed conditions of service could result in the loss of their future employment.

For expatriates, the Ministry of Education does not recognize homeschooling and therefore does not regulate it. KHDA (Dubai) strongly recommends expats who choose a home school to use an accredited and accredited program in their home country. However, some countries, such as Germany, have strict laws against homeschooling. This can affect a student`s ability to apply in that country. It`s important for families to do their research before applying to universities in different countries, so make sure the educational path you want to follow is recognized. Homeschooling can be a wonderful experience for both children and parents, with benefits such as flexibility, commitment, and cost savings. Before you decide to homeschool with your child, you need to consider the above factors so that you can make the best decision as a family. For most educators, the first problem would be the social aspect. Homeschooled children lose the company of their peers. Ask each child what the best part of their school day is and, with a few exceptions, they will come back with “play time” or “break” or “core zone time.” Friends and relationships with peers are very important for children. Homeschooled children lose the natural competitiveness of being surrounded by other children in favor of the whirlwind and fall of playing together. They lose the small skirmishes that improve children`s ability to cope with disappointments and “problems”. A homeschooling student who is aware of this potential deficit can take steps to address it.

It is possible to enroll children in more extracurricular activities (they would probably do them anyway): sports, music and other forms of creative art classes. If you plan to homeschool your children in the UAE, make sure you have a long-term plan and always check with your home country or another country to make sure your child is not being left behind or has not missed an opportunity because they were homeschooled. This can be any combination of learning inside and outside the home. Some traditionally homeschooled students choose to attend classes at a school or learning center to complement their learning. Some online schools, such as iCademy Middle East, offer blended learning models. Students can combine learning at home and at the Knowledge Hub in Dubai, where they receive one-on-one instruction and support. Try to meet other homeschooling children on a regular basis. Support each other, do it together, pool your resources – including your skills and time. Let your kids do things together, like sports or art, or go on a trip.

This contributes to the social aspect for all of you, in addition to providing you with a sounding board and advice for difficult times. Life surrounded by children is sometimes difficult. Homeschooling is also a huge commitment, as your children`s education and progress is literally in your hands. iCademy`s mission is to provide all students with a flexible education and take them where they are to help them succeed. In this way, an education at iCademy meets the goals of most homeschooling systems. What makes iCademy different is the structure of an organized, standards-based program that is easier for families who are not trained in education. Traditional homeschooling requires families to approach this independently. While this certainly offers ultimate freedom in education, it`s undoubtedly a lot of work! However, the beauty of the modern school is that there is no right or wrong way for students to learn. Now the trip focuses on the individual needs of the student, and families can benefit from different learning methods! Parents may think their child is doing well in school, although this may be because there are no peers to compare them to. At school, there are students who sit at the top of the class, those at the bottom and the others somewhere in between. However, homeschooling makes it harder to assess where children stand, not only in terms of performance on a test or assignment, but also in terms of understanding a topic, how they approach a topic they can`t understand, etc. In addition, this group seeks to build a continuous set of resources so that every homeschooling family in the UAE can receive support and maintain communication with others.

There was a time when homeschooling was an exception. Some parents never thought it was as good as regular school. However, as awareness increases, this perception changes. So, if you are thinking about this route for your child, read on. Homeschooling (also written as homeschooling or homeschooling) as a concept has been adopted by a large number of parents around the world. As more and more people join us, homeschooling in Dubai is slowly gaining attention as a viable option for parents of schoolchildren. In this regard, best practices are developed and the homeschooling process becomes easier. Primary education is compulsory for Emirati children aged 6 and over. There are provisions for home schooling from grades 7 to 12, with the Arabic curriculum provided by the government, although some criteria apply. “5. Are you authorized by the KHDA? Will you provide me with a KHDA transfer certificate (graduation certificate) so that I can transfer to another school in the UAE? Yes, we are the only home school in the UAE accredited by KHDA and NEASC, students receive their KHDA TC from our school and can be transferred to any other school in the UAE.

“Homeschooling takes a lot of time, less than going to school, but still most of the school day. It requires discipline – you can`t constantly talk on the phone or do laundry at the same time. Multitasking for parents is only possible for a small part of the time. If the sight of dirty soil and wilted plants annoys a parent, his or her full attention will not be on the teaching task. It is necessary to own certain devices, such as a set of books, a computer, perhaps an iPad and other items. (Some resources can be grouped with other homeschooled children.) A quiet and pleasant space should be created in the apartment where work can be done without being disturbed. In addition, children who homeschool may miss the opportunity to perform in assemblies or plays at school, which can have benefits such as increased self-confidence, overcoming stage fright, teamwork, practice, and other important life skills. Although it cannot be replicated at home, drama classes or performing arts schools are a good alternative.

The guide explains everything you need to know about prospecting in the state, pointing out that all gold or other minerals found, even on your own land, belong to the Victorian government, unless you have a miner`s license. It also lists places where recreational prospecting is permitted in state forests and designated areas in national, state, historic and historic parks. With this kind of price, it seems very reasonable to mine gold in Victoria, you could get rich, like so many others before planning it. And with a miner`s fee of just $25.20, you`re essentially making money by buying one. Millions of years ago, hot volcanic rock crossed the earth`s surface. This laid out a “path” for gold carried by saline groundwater to follow. Gold was deposited in faults in the rocks and as the rocks eroded over time, the gold was dissolved as nuggets. Note that any construction that is part of an excavation, such as a retaining wall, must be approved by an engineer and would require an NOW. Sniping Bedrock Sniping uses small tools – picks, hooks, screwdrivers, knives, etc. – to extract gold from cracks and other narrow places where gold can get stuck in the rock. It is illegal to break in the water of a stream (or natural water) – any work in a stream must follow the rules of hand washing – the only equipment allowed is a hand shovel and a gold bin. Using a small shovel – this is called a “hand shovel” – is probably fine.

It is also illegal to disturb overgrown areas in bars or banks. But. Update 38 indicates that the use of sniper tools is not permitted in the watercourse (i.e., between flood markers on both sides), but suggests below that anyone who wants to use hand-held sniper tools in a watercourse should contact the appropriate regional mining office. You`ll probably have to convince them to leave the vegetated parts of the bars alone. Safes and high bankers Corpse chests and large straddle binders can only be used for one placer slot, and they must be hand-mobile and must not contain “mechanically driven” moving parts (without the water pump). No water in a stream The most important rule is that no water from soap extraction (except hand washing) can drain or visibly seep into a stream. This includes streams, ponds, lakes or natural wetlands. Water from a safe or high bank must flow into a settling pond or tank/drinker. Water from a pond can seep into the soil or be reused, or both. It is not legal to use a safe in a feed.

Using a pump See Pumping water. You can use an unlicensed water pump for manual disassembly if the suction bracket does not exceed 1.5 inches. The entrance must be properly shielded – no openings larger than 2.5 mm and enough surface area so that the water flow does not catch tiny fish. It appears that it might be acceptable to use a 2-inch pump with a 1.5-inch restriction in the pump suction container (not at the end of the suction hose). If this is important to you, you should contact WHO/Europe. Free Miner Certificate and BCeID A person or company must have a Free Miner`s Certificate (FMC) and BCeID to possess a claim required to use a safe, obtain permits, etc. It may be helpful to get an FMC even if you intend to work within the rules of hand wavering. A CGF determines that you are a minor and not a tourist.

For individuals, an FMC costs $25 per year. A BCeID is a general-purpose login and password used to deal with the Government of British Columbia. You will need a business BCeID to obtain an FMA (not an individual BCeID – you can use it to get a new claim that “does business with the government”). Online Mining Titles (MTO) Online Mining Titles (MTO) is the government`s online mapping and management system. It`s not really a rule – that`s the way it is. If you need a Free Miner certificate, you must use the MTO system. You need to be able to create maps showing where there are claims, parks, private property and First Nations lands so you can plan what you are going to do. You can also use MTO to search for claim owners, or log in to renew your Free Miner certificate, get a new underwriter claim, register work or pay cash to renew a claim, and other tasks. Claims, leases and placer areas A placer claim or placer lease gives you the exclusive right to explore and exploit placer minerals in the claim area.

People who use flash credit attacks use the smart contract, which is publicly available, to generate revenue for them. Does that mean that the people who do this are following the written law? So it should be legal, right? Although the idea is excellent and works well, unfortunately, there are those who take advantage of this form of loan. Read on to learn more about flash credit attacks and how to prevent them. To take advantage of constraint optimization, we first model various components that can perform a DeFi attack. We quantitatively formalize each endpoint provided by DeFi platforms as a state transition function S`=T(S,p) with constraints C(S; p), where S is the given state, p is the parameters chosen by the opponent and S is the output state. For example, the state can represent the contradictory balance or any internal state of the DeFi platform, while the constraints imposed by the execution requirements of the Ethereum virtual machine (e.g., a company`s ether balance should never be a negative number) or the rules set by the particular DeFi platform (e.g., a flash loan must be repaid before the transaction is completed plus credit charges). Note that when quantifying profits, we ignore interest payments/loan fees and Ethereum transaction fees, which are negligible in current DeFi attacks. Constraints are applied to input parameters and output states to ensure that the optimizer (for the model) returns valid parameters. We refer to the document for full details. A new form of “making money” has emerged in recent years, the flash credit attack. In very rough terms, a loan of one cryptocurrency is contracted, the cryptocurrency is used in a currency exchange service that changes the relative value of the two cryptocurrencies, the profit from this change is made, and the loan is repaid as part of the same transaction.

More details about such an attack can be found here, along with this graphic summary: Visit Winston & Strawn`s Play Book blog for more information on flash lending. Although DeFi flash loans have gained popularity and liquidity, they are far from perfect. There are two main units in a flash loan: the lender and the borrower. At the same time, the attacker used the second part of the loan on the compounded platform to get a WBTC flash loan. When Uniswap`s price skyrocketed, the attacker quickly made the trade – and a significant illegal profit. Then they used the 2,028,367 DAI to buy $2,064,182 in Curve`s SUSD pool, after which they repaid the flash loan and kept the difference of $16,182. The guarantee usually applies to large sums of money and helps the lender offset its losses by selling the assets if the borrower is unable to repay the loan. Personally, I think the use of flash loans for smart arbitrage is also legal, but I can see some argue that the actions could be described as abuses.

The core of this trading involves margin trading on one DEX (bZx) to increase the price of WBTC/ETH on another DEX (Uniswap), thus creating an arbitrage opportunity. The trader then borrows WBTC with ETH as collateral (on compound), and then buys ETH at a “cheaper” price on the distorted DEX market (Uniswap). To maximize profit, the adversary then converts the “cheap” ETH into WBTC at an unmanipulated market price over a two-day period after the flash credit. The opponent then returns WBTC (to compound) to buy back the ETH guarantee. The following figure shows that this trade consists mainly of two parts. For simplicity, we do not convert between WETH (the ERC20 exchangeable version of ETH) and ETH. Full details are described in the document. While wash trading on centralized exchanges can be done at little or no cost and perhaps even without real assets, wash trading on DEX requires wash traders to hold and use assets. Flash loans can remove this “hurdle” to reduce the cost of loan interest, trading fees, and transaction (blockchain) fees. For example, a wash trading attempt to increase Uniswap`s 24-hour ETH / DAI market volume by 50% would cost around $1,298 (with a flash loan from dYdX).

When it comes to flash lending, the biggest risks currently plaguing the DeFi ecosystem are data leaks as well as smart contract bugs that enable these attacks. Once the operations are completed, the user returns the assets with or without the borrowed assets from the flash loan providers. In February 2021, a hack of the Alpha Homora protocol resulted in a loss of $37 million. The flash loan attacker also used C.R.E.A.M. Finance`s iron bank through a series of flash loans. The Iron Bank is the credit arm of the Alpha Homora protocol. To measure flash credit usage, between January 8, 2020 and February 26, 2020, we collected flash credit data using a full archive Ethereum node that collects all event logs from the Aave smart contract. Note that Aave was only put online at the beginning of January 2020. We observe a total of 105 loans, and most flash credits interact with credit/trade DeFi systems (e.g. Compound, Dai, MakerDAI, Uniswap). The transaction cost of flash credit (i.e. gas) appears to be significant (sometimes beyond 4M gas, compared to 21k gas for regular ether transfer).

Full details can be found in Figure 5 of the accompanying document. With flash loans, a trader can trade on different DEX without having to hold a currency position or be exposed to volatility risks. The trader can simply open a loan, make arbitrage transactions and repay the loan plus interest. One could argue that flash loans make arbitrage risk-free, but the risks of smart contract vulnerabilities remain. Alternatively, you can also use smart contracts to run flash loans on platforms such as Aave, dYdX, and Uniswap. Here`s how this attack is carried out with a flash loan: It`s commonly referred to as an exploit, attack, hack, or theft, but is it illegal? Flash loans are intentionally created features, and taking advantage of changes in the relative value of assets is a common feature of financial markets. Are there any laws broken during these attacks? Below, we observe two contradictory flash lending transactions, a pumping and arbitrage attack and an oracle manipulation attack. It depends on how many people agree with you. If a lot of people disagree, it`s illegal and they`re splitting a new channel.

On the other hand, the borrower can only make a profit. You can use the borrowed funds to profit from arbitrage in the crypto market. If the transaction fails, the money simply returns to the lender. But realistically, it`s a useful tool for market corrections. The problem is (was), i.e. the combination of Flashloans + Bots + SRM, every component of this combination is actually useful. The term flash loan describes when a borrower takes out a loan without the need for collateral. You may be wondering: How is this possible? With a platform`s smart contract, the entire credit and return process takes place within a single transaction on the blockchain. The first challenge is that the developer is unable to cover all possible weaknesses because blockchain technology is relatively new. Another problem is that the systems are developed quickly and there is a lot of money in each of these projects. There is a lot at stake, and many developers try different methods to find bugs in the system. Some flash credit attackers use incorrect calculations of cash pools.

Still others are miner attacks or coding errors. If the user is unable to repay the loan before the transaction is complete, a smart contract cancels the transaction and returns the money to the lender. This means that the borrower must act quickly and repay the loan in a short period of time. If the lender defaults in any way, the entire transaction will be cancelled as if nothing had happened. In other words, if the value of the collateral can no longer cover the debt, the platform sells the collateral at a discounted price to repay part of the loan. This process is called liquidation. If you don`t pay your flash loan, the lender`s smart contract cancels the loan and returns the money to the user. For those most familiar with DeFi, flash loans seem to be the perfect alternative.

They do not require upfront collateral and anyone can create a loan without restrictions. In addition, it is the only loan that does not require personal identification. The most common loans in traditional financing are secured loans and unsecured loans. Late Wednesday, blockchain security provider Peckshield identified that a flash credit attack was underway against lending platform DeFi Cream Finance, with attackers attempting to steal tokens from liquidity provider Cream.