Monthly Archives: October 2022

Other bills will be released, which will include stricter rules that will address issues such as whether new owners are in business. The aim will be to ensure that the rules are not used for “artificial tax planning”. On July 30, 2021, the federal government announced the extension of COVID-19 support measures for individuals and businesses. These extensions include: If your taxable income for the 2021 taxation year is more than $79,845, you will have to repay a portion of your OAS. If your taxable income was more than $129,757, you would not have received any OAS payments. Two recently published technical interpretations, 2020-0873601I7 and 2021-0880401I7, address the issue of whether various mandatory closures are eligible for containment assistance. The scenarios presented to the CRA were as follows: 28. In April 2021, a Ways and Means Motion (NWMM) was tabled to implement some of the proposals contained in the 2021 federal budget. It also includes a number of other previously announced measures, such as: The RRSP annual dollar limit for the 2021 taxation year is $27,830. Keep in mind that your RRSP contribution limit is limited to 18% of your previous year`s earned income. This means that the dollar limit is the maximum amount you can contribute, regardless of your income. In 2022, the limit in RSP dollars increased to $29,210. Technical Interpretation 2021-0875571I7(E) addresses whether a boat slide is considered real or immovable property, so the costs of renting the boat licence are eligible for the ESRB.

The CRA makes general comments and notes that the taxpayer should respect the principles of the common law (or the Civil Code of Quebec if the property was located in Quebec) in determining whether a particular property, such as a boat slide, is considered real or immovable property. The CRA updated its Scientific Research and Experimental Development (SR&ED) Requirements Submission Policy in November 2020 to reflect announced legislative changes and the extension of SR&ED reporting deadlines due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Appendix A of the directive contains a table summarizing the extensions of the deadlines for the submission of SR&ED by the CRA. Notably, the table in Section A.1 shows that the expiry periods for T2 returns for corporations whose taxation years end from November 30, 2019 to February 29, 2020 are set at 1. In September 2020, the federal SR and ED reporting deadlines for these taxation years were extended to September 1, 2021. The credit rating agency has reconfirmed that these maturity dates continue to apply. During the CRA roundtable (2021-0879631C6 E) at the Tax Executives Institute (TEI) Semi-Annual Virtual Conference, the CRA was asked a number of questions. In one question, the rating agency was asked whether an eligible entity should calculate its eligible income using the same approaches and choices for the Canada Emergency Wage Subsidy (CEWS) and the Canada Emergency Rent Subsidy (CERS). The credit rating agency confirmed that an eligible entity should calculate its revenue reduction for both grants according to the same rules (i.e. the same choices and approaches) that apply to the waiting period. The final legislation shall apply from the later date of the 1st. November 2021 or from the date of publication of the final bill.

The Government has adjusted the tax brackets for 2021 to maintain the purchasing power of Canadians as commodity prices continue to rise. On May 26, 2021, the credit rating agency published guidelines that could help your clients determine if they had been contacted by a legitimate CRA agent. To protect your customers from fraud, it`s important for them to know when and how the CRA might contact them, especially if the review of individuals` tax returns resumes. The 2021 federal budget included several proposals that will change the way the credit rating agency communicates with taxpayers and their representatives. In particular, significant issues and concerns were identified with respect to the proposed Notice of Assessment (NOA). Another voluntary calculation of the basic remuneration for the period from 14 March to 5 June 2021 is proposed to ensure that the core remuneration benchmark remains reasonable. In particular, an eligible employer would be allowed to use the period from 1 March 2019 to 30 June 2019 or from 1 July to 31 December 2019 to calculate the basic remuneration for waiting periods from 14 March to 5 June 2021. The credit rating agency will manage this measure on the basis of the draft legislative proposals published with the announcement.

The topic was discussed during our recent webinar with the CRA on the HPRC. As part of the general approach, an employer compares their current earnings to the same period before the pandemic. Once an approach has been chosen during period 5, the employer must follow that approach for all remaining periods. In our question to the CRA, the employer considered its claim for period 14, in which March 2021 revenue is compared to March 2019 revenue. This was problematic because the employer in question was a new company that was launched in May 2019. In its response, the credit rating agency stated that the use of the CEWS/CSRP in period 14 and subsequent periods would be problematic as the employer cannot switch to the alternative method. However, they also pointed out that the matter had been referred to Finance Canada. As a reminder, the CRA stopped collecting the following annual information statements in Ontario effective May 15, 2021: We asked the CRA to confirm that the additional relief will apply in 2020 and 2021. Note that the government had previously announced that the exemption from auto watch fees will apply to both 2020 and 2021. Finally, the CRA has published Employer`s Guide T4130 2021 – Taxable Benefits and Allowances, which also includes these recent announcements. The benefit for working families: This benefit has been reintroduced for the 2021 tax year.

As noted in our November 15 article, the credit rating agency deferred the notification requirement for reporting information in the first calendar year, in line with the new GST/HST rules for digital sales (the new rules) to help relevant platform operators adapt to the new reporting requirement. As part of its policy to continue to increase it over time until it reaches $15,000 in 2023, the government has increased the basic personal amount for the 2021 taxation year to $13,808. That means every Canadian will receive a slight boost to their performance this year, and it`s likely you can expect another boost next year as well. The U.S. Department of the Treasury and the Internal Revenue Service announced on March 17 that the deadline for the U.S. federal tax return for individuals for the 2020 tax year will automatically be extended from April 15, 2021 to May 17, 2021. The IRS will provide official guidance in the coming days. Access to Child Care and Expense Relief (CARE) Tax Credit: For the 2021 taxation year, this credit will be increased by 20%. If you get a return from last year, you can get back the work-from-home tax credit. The maximum claim amount has also been increased from $400 to $500 for the 2021 taxation year. If you have kept an eye on your expenses, you can claim your total calculated amount. Alternatively, you can use the $2 flat-rate method for every day worked from home during the pandemic.

We will also contact the rating agency about the status of T3 e-filing, as we have assumed that it will be possible to submit most T3 returns electronically by 2021, which should facilitate the submission of these returns and the additional information required. It should be noted that the draft law on these proposals has been published but has not entered into force. Based on the feedback received, many want to start the data collection process well in advance of the 2021 T3 filing deadline, and they asked us if we have an overview of when the credit rating agency will provide details on what is needed. We asked the CRA if it could publish a draft of the new T3 calendar that must be completed or a list of the specific information needed to complete the form. We are waiting for the response of the rating agency. As we mentioned in our March 2021 tax blog, many members will be engaged to help clients meet their accounting, accounting and tax compliance requirements, but they may not perform auditing, reviewing or compiling as part of their work. In these situations, the work performed by the Member affects the Client`s accounts used by the Member to prepare the Company`s tax return (the federal T2). Tax season is fast approaching and new changes have been implemented for the 2021 tax year. With a second year under the impact of the pandemic, there are several changes that may affect your situation, including new credits and deductions that you may be eligible for. Following our June 8, 2021 post, the CRA has now released its guidelines on the impact of extending the federal expansion of scientific research and experimental development (SR&ED) to provincial R&D claims. The guidelines specifically state that the federal extension does not apply to the British Columbia Scientific Research and Experimental Development Tax Credit or the Nova Scotia Research and Development Tax Credit.

As we mentioned in our previous post, the CRA recommends that affected businesses submit their application forms at the federal and provincial levels without considering the federal expansion of COVID-19. We had hoped that more information on this would be published in the latest economic and financial update in 2021, but no new information has been submitted. We have again asked the rating agency to confirm what will be needed for T3 repatriations in 2021. Below, we have outlined important tax changes and service improvements. We also noted changes in income tax regulations, including those that were announced but were not yet in effect at the time of publication of this guide.

Peaceful enjoyment includes various rights of tenants, such as the right to exclude other people from the premises, the right to rest, the right to clean the premises, the right to basic services, such as heating and hot water, and the right to adequate access. Common violations of the silent enjoyment commitment include the inability to resolve nuisances or damages that deprive tenants of using their space, such as rodent infestation, roof leaks, or noise pollution from neighbors. Wayne, thank you for sharing your experiences with others to spread the word about implicit silent pleasure. I`m sorry you didn`t find the resolution you wanted, but I wish you all the best in your new location. A tacit enjoyment agreement may be included in an exchange or transfer of land ownership at the discretion of the parties to the deed. Peaceful enjoyment has a slightly different scope in the context of land ownership than in the context of a tenancy. When a seller hands over a deed of ownership to another party, the seller no longer has control of the property. The Pact of Silent Enjoyment, if included in a real estate deed, guarantees that the ownership of the land is clear, which means that it has no charges or claims of other people against it. Thank you for this informative article. I sit on the board of directors of a building whose rules prohibit welcoming guests to a unit when the owner is not present.

We have someone who has moved into an assisted living facility and allowed friends to use their unit without notifying the board. These friends come for a weekend or a week that seems to break our rule. I wonder if our rule is compatible with quiet pleasure. We are in Illinois. Thank you for all the advice you have for us. Noise is often a subjective problem, and if neighbors don`t violate local noise regulations or comply with rental conditions, there`s not much there`s landlord can do to mitigate the problem. I would suggest checking with your local housing authority and city/county to understand local noise regulations. From there, it`s best to know if you should contact the local authorities if the noise is outside of quiet hours or decibel levels. According to Nolo, an online legal resource, the commitment to quiet enjoyment simply means that landlords must do everything possible not to interfere with the reasonable and peaceful use of their rented premises by their tenants.

The remedies available in the event of a violation by the Confederation of Silent Enjoyment vary. Under California law, a tenant who abandons a dwelling due to a violation is released from the obligation to pay the rent and can bring an action for damages. Alternatively, a tenant may also remain in possession and claim damages for breach of contract as well as injunctive relief claims. Damages are usually calculated as the lost rental value or as the difference between the value of what the tenant should have received and the value of what they actually received. While there is no specific federal law on a tenant`s right to peaceful enjoyment, all leases should include language regarding a tenant`s right to peaceful enjoyment under an implied warranty or agreement. In most cases, the courts will uphold a tenant`s right to peaceful enjoyment, even if it is not mentioned in the lease. Theresa, I can hear how difficult it is for you. Unfortunately, the guarantee of quiet pleasure does not cover the sounds produced by frequent behaviors such as walking. Typically, the noise problems covered are those that expose local laws as a “disturbance of peace.” These regulations may include decibel levels and types of noise that can be detected from outside the building. If law enforcement agencies cannot confirm that noise justifies this category of disturbance, it is unlikely that the owner will be able to insist on a change in behaviour.

Having lived and managed a shared home, sometimes the best thing to do is to find solutions to block the sounds of others, such as using earplugs. It`s hard to empathize with their physical or mental concerns that cause them to pick up speed at night, so I understand and hope you`ll find alternative solutions to help you find peace. As you can see, the silent enjoyment commitment covers a wide range of legal protection for landlords and tenants. When it comes to real estate disputes between tenants or real estate disputes between tenants and landlords, situations can become aggressive and are often difficult to resolve. In addition, a tenant often does not have the funds to solve the problems associated with quiet enjoyment or move to a new property. As already mentioned, the most common remedy for the violation of silent enjoyment is the elimination of harm. This means that the tenant rejects their music or the landlord stops interfering with the tenant`s use of the property. However, there are also many other legal remedies for violations of the Silent Enjoyment Commitment. There is an implicit agreement of silent enjoyment in leases, and states generally have their own laws that codify these protections. For example, under the California Civil Code, a property rental agreement also guarantees quiet ownership of the property by the tenant against anyone who legally claims ownership.

We know that election officials take their responsibilities very seriously. While we expect the count to continue until all votes are counted, we are on guard against interference. To sign up for notifications if action is needed in your area, visit protecttheresults.com. Trump`s lawyers will advance radical legal theories. They assert that state constitutions, as interpreted by their courts, do not govern state elections. Or that even in times of pandemic, election officials are not allowed to take measures to facilitate voting. Or they quote, wait for Bush v. Gore. Trump has said he wants to take him to the Supreme Court. The Brennan Center is preparing to be part of this legal debate. Do the courts really want to overturn the electoral laws and policies of the 50 states? Almost everything in 2020 is different, and this month of November, election day, is no exception. As expected, there are several close races, including the counting of presidential votes in major electoral states. The Electoral Integrity Project – 2020.dataforprogress.org – is an excellent source of accurate information on vote counting that does not include random or premature projections.

What is voter intimidation? Intimidating voters is illegal. This is when someone tries to influence or prevent a voter from voting, for example, by creating a hostile verbal or physical environment and questioning your right to vote by asking personal questions about your criminal record or citizenship. Spreading false information about voters` demands, such as the ability to speak English, is also seen as intimidating for voters, according to the American Civil Liberties Union (PDF). You can receive a ballot and voting materials in your native language, depending on the United States. Election Support Commission, protected by the provisions of the Linguistic Minorities Act of the Voting Rights Act. What are the laws against voter intimidation? Along with voter fraud such as double voting and campaign finance crime, voter intimidation is a federal crime. It applies to any person who “intimidates, threatens, forces or attempts to intimidate, threaten or force another person to interfere with that other person`s right to vote.” If the law is violated, the perpetrator could be convicted and sentenced to up to one year in prison, up to a fine of $1,000, or both. The National Voter Registration Act of 1993 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 also prohibit the intimidation of voters. How do I report voter intimidation? If you or someone else is harassed or threatened at the ballot box, let a poll worker know. Then, call and report it to the Election Protection Hotline (1-866-OUR-VOTE) or the U.S.

Department of Justice Voting Rights Hotline (1-800-253-3931). You should also contact your state electoral commission. In some cases, an election worker may call the local authorities to evict the person in question. Is watching the polls perceived as intimidating voters? Although voter intimidation is illegal, the election observation process, also known as election contestation, is legal. An election observer is a formal role for a partisan person whose purpose is to observe a polling station to ensure their party has a fair chance, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures. For example, an election observer can closely monitor the electoral administration and monitor the voter turnout of its parties. However, you should not try to convince anyone to vote one way or another. There are qualifications required to become an investigative observer, but they vary from state to state. Legitimate election observers are not people who simply decide to show up at a polling station.

Some states may require election observers to be registered voters or U.S. citizens. Now, of course, there is a threat to the orderly counting of votes, and this comes from a troubling and familiar source. At 2:30 a.m., President Trump did what he had long planned, which was to declare the entire election a “great fraud on our nation” and demand that the count be stopped. Trump`s sweat flop was palpable. From what you hear, the 2020 election was fair and clean. There is no evidence of wrongdoing, fraud or harassment. Undoubtedly, you will begin to hear these demands.

They are spread on social media, by foreign bots and far-right newsgroups, and can quickly migrate to traditional circles. This morning, I participated in a televised panel with a Republican adviser who said that there was massive voter fraud in “city centers.” Racial coding is not really subtle. These claims have been concocted. Don`t fall for it. Some of the same people behind efforts to overthrow 2020 electoral support activists who are working to gain illegal access to electoral systems.

In Las Vegas, Greenberg Traurig offers a wide range of legal services to local, national and international clients. Our work includes appeal, construction, corporations and securities, entertainment, gambling, intellectual property, litigation and real estate matters. Our Las Vegas lawyers are consistently ranked as leaders in their fields and appear annually in The Best Lawyers in America®, Mountain States Super Lawyers, Chambers USA, Nevada Business Magazine, Global Gaming Business Magazine and Las Vegas Business Press. Plays a critical role in shaping Nevada`s corporate laws and LLCs. Guiding clients through complex corporate governance and M&A issues in transactions and disputes. Makes complex issues accessible through effective and open advice. When it comes to corporate governance and mergers and acquisitions in Nevada, Albert Kovacs brings an unusual combination of experience and perspective. Not only did he know the law, but he also played a vital role in the design and frequent development of Nev. The Las Vegas office of a BCG law firm Looking for the top ranked, he is looking for an associate lawyer in corporate law (gaming) with 4 to 5 years of experience in gaming law, regulation, licensing and compliance. The candidate should preferably have corporate and/or financial training. Great experience of favorite law firm.

Must be licensed to practice in the state. With over 20 years of experience – many of them outside of a law firm environment – advising clients of various sizes and maturities across a wide range of industries, Gian Brown brings a personal touch to business and transaction needs. Its business covers the entire business lifecycle, including start-up formation and start-up and mid-term financing, commercial agreements and structuring strategic agreements, as well as navigating exit events such as acquisitions (for buyers) and. Duane Morris` experience in the industry helps the company effectively address customer concerns. Duane Morris` lawyers have a deep understanding of actuarial, underwriting and underwriting issues that affect the business and legal issues of insurance clients. The firm has dealt with matters relating to financial audits, market conduct reviews and other regulatory matters, as well as general corporate matters. Chris assists emerging and publicly traded companies in a variety of corporate transactions. Chris advises companies at all stages of their growth, helping them raise capital, complete acquisitions and divestitures, and meet regulatory requirements. He also assists institutional investors in the implementation of investments in private funds and advises investment advisors on the creation and operation of private investment funds. Prior to joining Holland & Hart, Chris was a partner at th. Michael J. Bonner focuses on corporate finance, corporate governance, business transactions, securities and gaming.

Michael represents clients in corporate securities and other business transactions, including as lead counsel in IPOs, follow-up offers, private placements and a variety of financing, acquisition and restructuring transactions for listed and private companies. He advises listed companies. Duane Morris` Gaming Law Group draws on the experience and knowledge of a multidisciplinary team of lawyers to help clients set up their gaming businesses and deal with the problems that arise in the operation of those businesses. The company`s gaming clients receive transparent advice and guidance in a variety of areas, from licensing and regulatory issues, real estate development, litigation, intellectual property issues, financing and tax issues, corporate affairs, and labor and employment issues. Duane Morris` lawyers represent various members of the gaming industry, including casinos, gaming executives, gaming equipment manufacturers and retailers, investment advisors, greyhound and horse racing tracks, Internet development and software companies, and other parties that provide services and products to gaming companies. The company`s large geographic footprint and diverse capabilities make Duane Morris particularly well suited to meet the needs of large, growing gaming facilities that intertwine entertainment, retail, hospitality and community development. Duane Morris Corporate Attorneys advises early-stage and mature companies on a variety of corporate and securities matters. Members of the Corporate Practice Group have experience in mergers and acquisitions, including negotiated acquisitions and divestitures, as well as in hostile acquisitions and defense against acquisition attempts, public and private offerings of equity and debt securities, corporate finance, corporate compliance, corporate governance, taxation, SEC regulatory matters, and venture capital and private equity transactions.

Duane Morris` lawyers regularly represent international clients in domestic and cross-border transactions and work with numerous clients to develop and implement creative strategies to achieve their corporate finance and acquisition objectives. The firm`s lawyers also represent clients in a range of securities offerings and advise listed companies on compliance with ongoing reporting requirements and other securities laws. Members of the Trial Practice Group regularly handle complex commercial litigation in a variety of areas, including securities, antitrust law, franchises and brokers, intellectual property, product liability and real estate matters. Duane Morris` litigators often work closely with the firm`s corporate and insolvency lawyers to represent financial institutions. The firm`s lawyers are competent at all stages of litigation and alternative dispute resolution, including extensive experience in handling injunctions, disputes, appeals, arbitration and mediation. Lawyers in the Duane Morris Trial Practice Group represent clients in all types of complex commercial disputes, from incorporation to trial and appeal. Duane Morris` litigators have experience in a number of areas, including securities, antitrust, intellectual property, environmental and real estate litigation. Members of the Trial Practice Group work closely with the firm`s corporate and bankruptcy lawyers and often represent financial institutions. The firm`s lawyers have represented numerous international and domestic manufacturers in all forms of product liability and toxic tort litigation, including the defense of product class actions, as national coordinating attorney, lead counsel, regional attorney or local attorney. Duane Morris also represents individuals and companies facing allegations of criminal conduct at the federal and state levels, including fraud, environmental crimes, securities violations, RICO violations, commercial espionage, and a variety of business-related crimes. In addition to representing clients before U.S. forums and international tribunals, the firm also advises on dispute resolution without conventional litigation using alternative dispute resolution methods and advises on methods to anticipate and avoid disputes.

Maliq Kendricks, a talented legal writer from Nevada, focuses his practice on corporate law and commercial litigation. Maliq joined Brownstein from Hutchison & Steffen in Las Vegas and specialized in commercial and commercial litigation related to partnerships, property sales, licensing, construction and real estate. He worked with Justice Cristina D. Silva and clerked for Justice Elizabeth Gonzales, both in the Eighth Judicial District. Maliq also completed an internship at Boyd Gami. 30 years of experience in corporate and business law in Nevada. Enables transactions in billions of dollars on an annual basis. Managing Partner of the Las Vegas office. Ellen Schulhofer is a management consultant for public and private companies in Nevada. It handles a wide range of transactional matters, including mergers and acquisitions, restructurings, joint ventures and secured and unsecured financings, as well as advising on corporate governance matters, and is one of Nevada`s leading companies.

Lawyers in our Las Vegas office hold leadership positions within the firm and in the Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S. and federal bars. Our Las Vegas lawyers have been repeatedly recognized for their achievements and dedication to their clients and have been recognized by Corporate Counsel Magazine, Chambers USA: America`s Leading Lawyers for Business® and Lawdragon`s 500 Leading Lawyers in America as Mountain States Super Lawyers, The Best Lawyers in America, Best Corporate Lawyers in Nevada and Par Corporate Counsel Magazine as Mountain States Super Lawyers, The best lawyers in America©, the best corporate lawyers in Nevada. Our lawyers also appreciate their involvement in the public sector and have held senior positions in many areas of government.

Of course, we are not claiming that isolation and interconnection are the only reason why teachings converge or diverge. Many other factors – on the one hand the advantage of convergence – influence the decisions of the legislator. That is, the great benefits of convergence can lead to interconnected lessons towards convergence. Europe`s efforts to streamline mortgage registration are a case in point. On the other hand, the small benefits of convergence will leave the lessons isolated intact. Teachings related to membership and research are two examples. So far, so familiar. And yet, the comparative problem of identifying the real subject of studies on convergence or divergence in the case of ownership is at its extreme. To understand what to expect in terms of convergence and divergence between property law systems, we need a theory of how these systems work and the problems they are supposed to solve. When the contours of property systems reflect the goals they are meant to serve and the cost of achieving those goals, we can begin to predict how these forces will unfold in the comparative arena. Internet of Things (IoT) – important legal issues The Internet of Things (IoT) is the term given to everyday objects (not just traditional computing devices such as laptops and smartphones) that are connected to the Internet. Other languages used in the context of IoT include: connected devices, smart objects, the Internet of Services, machine-to-machine (M2M) technology, sensor networks, network of networks, and ubiquitous or ubiquitous computing.

IoT can be applied to objects as diverse as running shoes, buildings, cars, fridge-freezers and drones. With the help of embedded technology, these objects can communicate and interact over the Internet, with each other, with the user, service provider and/or their environment, and they can be monitored and controlled remotely. This practice note provides an introduction to IoT technology and covers the following topics: • The technology behind IoT • Identification of legal issues • Application programming interfaces (APIs) • Telecommunications and electrical equipment • Intellectual property – Overview • Proprietary rights and licensing issues • Competition law • Consumer protection • Liability and fault • Compliance requirements • The model contract Appropriate • Legal issues of the future This practice notice does not take into account data protection, privacy or cybersecurity. These issues are addressed separately in the practice note: Internet of Things (IoT) – Data Protection, Privacy and Security. The technology behind the IoT The introduction of Internet Protocol version 6 (see: LNB News 27/05/2008 64), the availability of cheaper electronic technology, the ubiquity of connectivity (Internet access, especially via This article uses a unique set of property laws in 119 jurisdictions around the world to test theories of convergence/divergence in comparative property law. Our theory predicts that, first, because legal systems face equally positive transaction costs in delineating property rights, the structure of property rights will converge among all jurisdictions in the world or has remained similar for some time in the distant past. Second, our theory postulates that the style of property law tends to converge when the teachings in question are isolated, but diverges when they are interconnected. Our descriptive data and analyses support the theory. Lessons on ownership, sale, condominiums, shared rentals and limited property rights are striking examples. Britannica.com: Convergence Lexicon Article Our approach to convergence and divergence is rooted in a combination of the propensity for change and the relative proximity of starting points. In a system like property, which is a combination of spontaneous order and design, change will flourish or be cut off over time (regardless of its source), depending on the resulting ability (whatever the definition) of the overall system.

Lee Alston and Bernardo Mueller build on a well-known evolutionary model and add this aspect to the bundle of rights. [10] The various elements of the set of rights – rights to grow tomatoes, rights to build a shed, walking rights, etc. – may be relatively isolated or have “epistatic” compounds. [11] In an epistatic compound, a modification of an element has an effect on a connected element. Thus, a change in one gene can produce an effect in another gene if they are epistatically connected. Similarly, the right to draw water affects the value of the right to grow tomatoes, but the right to prevent aerial overflights is (presumably) not related to the right to draw water or the right to grow tomatoes. [†] †. Research Professor and Director of the Center for Empirical Legal Studies, Institutum Iurisprudentiae, Academia Sinica, Taiwan. J.S.D., New York University School of Law.

Email: kleiber@sinica.edu.tw. This article is funded by the Career Development Award 106-H02 from academia Sinica. For coding property rights in more than 100 jurisdictions, I would like to thank my research staff for over five years in Taiwan, Peru, New Zealand, India, Israel, Colombia, China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Uganda, Turkey, France and South Africa. They are Winnie Awino, Harika Bakaraju, Gahli Berger, Paloma Carreno, Jung-Han Chang, Danlin Chang, Gina Chavarry, Meng-Xin Cai, Chih-jui Chen, Tzu-Yuan Chu, Yichen Chu, Gital Dames, Huseyin Guzeler, Melanie Lee, Ingrid Lee, Christina Lee, Calvin Lim, Tin-jun Liu, Hannah Musgrave, Maria Oluyeju, Anne-Line Schwint, Zun Wei and Daniella Weinrauch. Librarians at the University of Chicago School of Law and Cornell Law School were instrumental in identifying foreign legal documents when I was a visiting professor there. Some of the above research assistants are LL.M. students. in Chicago and Cornell. The University of Chicago School of Law also covered the cost of the LL.M.

research assistants. The University of Iowa School of Law Law Library also provided me with foreign legal documents when I was a Bonfield Scholar for 2016. Professor XU Guodong, although we never met in person, allowed me to copy his collections from the Civil Code. Based on a single dataset on property rights in 119 jurisdictions around the world (see Figure 1)[24], we find that in 2015, many ownership issues are still radically different. For example, in civil law countries, rei vindicatio – the act of forcing someone to return ownership of a thing to its owner – is the principal right of an owner, while this expression can hardly be translated into a legal term in English (“revindication” is the common English word that means nothing to common law lawyers). Common law landowners, of course, are generally well protected – in different ways with different designations (trespassing, conversion, replevin, etc.). In particular, concrete solutions are more likely to converge if the doctrine in question is more isolated from other teachings. This applies to the structural and especially stylistic aspects of the law. In an interconnected doctrine, such as the definition of ownership, convergence (in fact, any deviation from the status quo) requires moving other parts in the system to track change.

[28] Especially in the world of civil law, the fear of unintended consequences of a modification of a fundamental doctrine in a civil code could nullify any proposed deviation. The France and Germany each have their own conceptual system of possession, difficult to uproot after hundreds of years of doctrinal interpretation. When European scientists proposed the draft Common Framework of Reference[29], they neither found common ground nor simplified the concept. Instead, they managed to keep the two conceptual systems of possession together – which led to a lot of confusion and contradiction. [30] On the other hand, a “downstream” doctrine, more isolated from other doctrines, has more room for manoeuvre, since in the worst case, a failed experiment would not drag the whole system down. The division of co-ownership is an excellent example of such a doctrine. The above data show that ninety-one jurisdictions (77 per cent) prefer partitioning in the form of in-kind contributions and allow compartmentalization by sale. [31] The widespread form of co-ownership is another example. [32] [7]. See Anthony Ogus, The Economic Basis of Legal Culture: Networks and Monopolization, 22 Oxford J. Legal Stud.

419, 419–20, 423 (2002); see also Nuno Garoupa & Thomas S. Ulen, The Market for Legal Innovation: Law and Economics in Europe and the United States, 59 Ala. L. Rev. 1555, 1615–16 (2008). For a new approach that quantitatively uses the content of property law to categorize legal families, see generally Yun-chien Chang et al., Drawing the Legal Family Tree: An Empirical Comparative Study of 108 Property Doctrines in 128 Jurisdictions (June 28, 2017) (unpublished discussion paper) (available at ssrn.com/abstract=2993794).

The Colorado Attorney General and District Attorneys can impose a civil penalty of up to $20,000 per violation. Each consumer involved represents a separate violation, and there are more penalties for violations that affect older adults. ColoPA does not include a private right of action. The FTC can seek injunctive relief and, in some cases, damages and remedies. In particular, the FTC cannot receive fines for first violations of ftc law. (Congress gave the FTC the power to seek fines for violating certain rules, such as the COPPA Rule and the CAN-SPAM Rule.) With respect to injunctive relief, the FTC has requested remedies such as behavioral prohibitions, mandatory consumer notices, data deletion, third-party assessments of practices, monitoring stations, corrective disclosures, required credit monitoring, testing necessary to support claims, and other forms of facilitation. Under the ftC Act, consumers have no private right of action; However, attorneys general have their own prohibitions against unfair and deceptive practices. They often work with the FTC on cases and issues. They also have independent powers to enforce certain FTC rules such as CAN-SPAM and COPPA. They can seek similar redress, although attorneys general can typically impose fines for violations of their state`s laws that prohibit unfair or deceptive practices. Financial; Standardizes the disclosure required for certain consumer credit transactions, such as mortgages.

15 USC § 1604. The Fair Credit Reporting Act was passed in 1970 to regulate the collection of credit information, which is often used to determine mortgage and loan interest rates. The law restricts who can access a consumer`s credit history and prohibits lenders from providing outdated or inaccurate information. The law also allows consumers to read their own credit reports and challenge inaccurate information. The Highway Safety Act of 1970 created the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), which is partially responsible for enforcing consumer protection laws with respect to automobiles. At the state level, lemon laws protect consumers from false or misleading practices by used car dealers. Investigations can be triggered in a variety of ways – through consumer complaints, information from an internal whistleblower, news articles, congressional recommendations, social media posts, or the initiative of a commission employee. Sometimes the FTC conducts sweeps of a particular industry to ensure compliance with the law.

As the country`s consumer protection agency, the FTC receives complaints about companies that fail to keep their promises or deceive people with money. We share these complaints with our law enforcement partners and use them to investigate fraud and eliminate unfair business practices. Each year, the FTC also publishes a report that includes information about the number and type of complaints we receive. Yes, for example, under the CPHA, a manufacturer of a consumer product must immediately report to the CSPC if it receives “information that reasonably supports the conclusion that such a product: (1) does not comply with a consumer product safety rule or a voluntary safety standard for consumer products […]; (2) fails to comply with any other rule, regulation, standard or prohibition under this Act or any other Act administered by the Commission; (3) has a defect that could present a significant risk to the product …; or (4) presents an unreasonable risk of serious injury or death.” 15 USC § 2064(b). In addition, a manufacturer must report to the CPSC if, within 24 months, they have three civil actions for death or serious bodily injury that affect the same product and result in a settlement or judgment for the plaintiff. See id. § 2084. In addition, the Commission may (after the completion of all judicial reviews of its order) request the defendant of a federal district court to compensate consumers for the harm caused to consumers by the conduct at issue in the administrative proceedings. In such a lawsuit, which falls under Section 19 of the FTC Act, 15 USC § 57(b), the Commission must prove that “a reasonable man would have known in the circumstances that the conduct was dishonest or fraudulent.” Wikimedia Commons: The International Consumer Protection and Enforcement Network (“ICPEN”) was founded in 2016 and is a coalition of primarily government organizations that apply fair consumer practices and share information and best practices. These organizations include the FTC and government agencies from other countries such as Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, and Mexico.

See FTC, “Memorandum on the Establishment and Operation of the International Consumer Protection and Enforcement Network (ICPEN) (formerly known as the International Marketing Supervision Network (IMSN)” (2016), (hyperlink) Most consumer protection laws related to product safety aim to prevent injury. If a consumer is harmed by a defective product, the common law product liability doctrine allows the consumer to claim damages. Most states recognize at least three types of defects that could support a claim: a design defect if a product is inherently hazardous, a manufacturing defect if the defect occurs during the production process, or a marketing defect if a product is advertised or advertised for improper use that causes injury.

[13] A lawyer may be paid by a source other than the client, including a co-client, if the client is informed of this fact and agrees and the agreement does not affect the lawyer`s duty of loyalty or bliss to the client. See Article 1.8(f). If the acceptance of a payment from another source presents a significant risk that the lawyer`s representation of the client will be materially limited by the lawyer`s own interest in accommodating the person paying the lawyer`s fees or by the lawyer`s responsibilities to a payer who is also an associate client, the lawyer shall comply with the requirements of paragraph b, before accepting representation, including determining whether the conflict is likely to give consent and, if so, whether the client has adequate information about the significant risks of the representation. Even if the lawyer determines that he or she has previously represented a person in the same or substantially related matter, the new representation is acceptable unless the interests of the former client and the potential client are mutually opposite. The third step, then, is to determine how the careful representation of a new customer would affect the former customer`s interest in protecting confidential information. This is not always an unambiguous statement. (a) A lawyer may not represent counterparties in the same dispute. (b) In other situations and except to the extent permitted by point (c), a lawyer shall not represent a person if that person`s representation: [7] Directly unfavourable disputes may also arise in relation to the transaction. For example, if a lawyer is asked to represent the seller of a business in negotiations with a buyer represented by the lawyer not in the same transaction, but in another unrelated case, the lawyer would not be able to take over the representation without the informed consent of each client. Similarly, a lawyer cannot represent a person negotiating with another party if that party is also the client of a lawyer in an unrelated matter, since the parties would be directly opposed to each other.

[6] Unless the client concerned consents to representation under the restrictions and conditions set out in § 122 [with respect to the client`s consent to a conflict of interest], a lawyer may not represent a client if there is a significant risk that the lawyer`s representation of the client will be materially and negatively affected by the lawyer`s financial or other interests. Therefore, a lawyer should avoid any sexual relationship with a person with whom he or she has a pre-existing client-lawyer relationship. The risks to the lawyer – and the client – can be very serious. If the client is not satisfied with the relationship or representation, the lawyer may be subject to disciplinary action or a professional misconduct claim. Even if the relationship and representation are successful, the client`s ex-spouse or partner may sue or mourn the lawyer. And the fact that a lawyer has had sex with the client will almost always make any professional misconduct much more difficult. Restatement indicates a conflict of interest if: [10] The lawyer`s own interests must not prejudice a client`s representation. For example, if the honesty of a lawyer`s conduct is seriously questioned in a transaction, it may be difficult, if not impossible, for the lawyer to advise a client remotely.

If a lawyer has conversations about possible employment with an opponent of the lawyer`s client or with a law firm representing the opponent, such conversations could significantly limit the lawyer`s representation of the client. In addition, a lawyer may not allow related business interests to influence representation, for example, by referring clients to a company in which he or she has an undisclosed financial interest. See Rule 1.8 for specific rules relating to a number of personal conflicts of interest, including commercial transactions with customers. See also Rule 1.10 (personal conflicts of interest under Rule 1.7 are not normally attributed to other lawyers in a law firm). Sometimes it is more difficult to determine if there is direct adversity in a situation. For example, a lawyer may be asked to represent two defendants involved in a legal dispute, which is generally permitted. However, if the defendants have claims against each other, this may prevent the lawyer from accepting representation. In addition, the representation of members of the same family or business organization may be restricted due to claims that individuals may have against each other. An experienced lawyer should be able to assess a situation and determine whether a conflict of interest currently exists or may arise in the future so that he or she can act accordingly. The rationale for paragraph 1.8(c) of the CPP and section 127 of the Reformatement is that “a client`s valuable gift to a lawyer gives rise to a suspicion that the lawyer has exercised undue or undue influence.” Reformulation § 127 cmt.

b. Comment b on article 127 of Reformatement states somewhat ironically that “it would be difficult to reach a different conclusion if a lawyer requested the gift”. Gifts in wills are particularly worrisome because clients are often elderly and weak when the lawyer writes the will; Older clients may be particularly sensitive to even modest influence from the lawyer or others, and it is difficult to determine the client`s true intentions after the client`s death. Id.; see also In re Polevoy, 980 pp.2d 985, 987-88 (Colo. 1999) (“Conflict of interest, the inability of a lawyer to testify due to a settlement with the deceased, the possible danger of the will if his admission to the estate is contested, the possible harm caused to other beneficiaries and the undermining of public confidence in the integrity of the legal profession are just some of the dangers that the lawyer must take into account.”); State vs. Horan, 123 N.W.2d 488, 490 (Wis. 1963) (citation omitted); see R.E. General. Barber, Annotation, “Drawing Will or Deed, Under He Figures as Grantee, Legatee, or Devisee as Grounds of Disciplinary Action Against Attorney,” 98 A.L.R.2d 1234 (1964). It should be noted that the reformulation § 127 extends the principles of Colorado CPP 1.8(c) if a lawyer is related to the donor client. Even if a lawyer is a natural object of the client`s affection, when the lawyer designs the instrument, the gift must not be disproportionate to gifts to other relatives that are also related to the donor.

Reformulation § 127. The reason for this rule is that a disproportionate gift to the lawyer`s relative gives rise to suspicions of undue influence and excessive stretching; The lawyer then bears the burden of proof that he has not unduly influenced the client. Reformulation § 127 cmt. e. A conflict may also arise because of the lawyer`s personal interests, such as the example offered in the comments on the model rules of a lawyer who cannot effectively represent a particular client due to strong political convictions. [30] However, personal conflicts are not attributed to fellow lawyers in a law firm. [31] Even if the conflict of interest is due to the interests of an employee of a law firm who is not a lawyer, such as a paralegal or a legal secretary, this conflict is not imputed to the company-wide. [32] [27] For example, conflict issues may arise in estate planning and administration. A lawyer may be called in to prepare wills for multiple family members, such as husband and wife, and depending on the circumstances, there may be a conflict of interest. In the administration of the estate, the identity of the client may not be clear under the law of a particular jurisdiction. According to one view, the client is the trustee; From another perspective, the client is the estate or trust, including its beneficiaries.

In order to comply with the conflict of interest rules, the lawyer should clearly indicate his or her relationship with the parties involved. Just as obligations to a former client can significantly limit a lawyer`s ability to fulfill his or her obligations of loyalty and independent judgment, representing a new client can undermine the lawyer`s duty of confidentiality to a former client. [20] Why this distinction? The distinction recognizes that some things are not recognizable. A lawyer could have a blatant conflict of interest while achieving a satisfactory outcome for all clients. But while clients may be satisfied with the outcome despite the lawyer`s conflict, clients generally cannot know what the outcome would have been without the lawyer`s conflict.

After completing his medical training, Stein went to work in Africa. Each student receives a certificate of completion of the course. The restoration work of the church is almost complete. Nglish: Translation of completion for Spanish speakers The completion date of the tunnel is December 2010. Candidates who pass this exam will then be asked to take an oral exam, which is currently held in the following languages: Albanian, Arabic, BCS (Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian), Bengali, Cantonese, French, Greek, Haitian Creole, Hebrew, Hindi, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Mandarin, Polish, Portuguese, Punjabi, Russian, Urdu, Vietnamese and Wolof. Candidates interested in interpreting languages not listed above must provide appropriate professional references related to their interpreting skills. All candidates must pass a multiple-choice written examination assessing English proficiency and basic legal terminology covering the following areas: reading and comprehension of written material – completion of sentences and comprehension of paragraphs; grammar and use of language; vocabulary – synonyms and antonyms; Idioms; and legal terminology. Name. [`kəmˈpliːʃən`] (American Football) a successful forward pass in football. For more information on preparatory tools for interpreters, see: www.nycourts.gov/COURTINTERPRETER/links.shtml.

The email is in an invalid format. Please enter a correct one, for example [email protected] The paralegal assists lawyers in all aspects of case preparation and management, including the following: The advantage of buying it as personal software is that you have a better and more user-friendly interface with many other features such as word marking, bilingual verb conjugation, double-window synonyms, search for linguistic phrases, and a unique collection of 40,000 color images associated with names. Kitay Law Offices has a bilingual Spanish-speaking paralegal position that can be hired full-time at the firm`s Reading office. We offer different types of English-Spanish translators, the best of which combine contextual machine translation with user-guided interactive translation. Our best version, the Translator Professional Plus 5, covers the following features: images for a better choice of meanings, a translation options module that uses a multi-choice wizard to choose from all possible variants for your translation, speech recognition for dictation functions and voice commands that allow you to pronounce the tasks you need aloud without a mouse or keyboard. Download a trial version now! The bilingual online dictionary program we provide here is a free service provided by Word Magic Software Inc. You will find that this is the most comprehensive bilingual English-Spanish English-Spanish bilingual online dictionary on the net, which includes not only direct translations, but also synonyms, full definitions, sentences made, idiomatic phrases, proverbs, use cases, famous quotes and compound entries, as well as everything related to your search word. It also offers pronunciation in English and Spanish, separation into syllables and grammatical attributes. It also accepts conjugated verbs and feminine and plural forms in Spanish as valid entries. See what you can get by upgrading to our premium dictionary for a very small fee. Check out the premium dictionary We must explain that this bilingual online dictionary contains all our products.

* Dictionary generated with Word Magic databases version 9.2 Common short expressions: 1-400, 401-800, 801-1200 For a very small fee, you have access to this content and the vast lexicon of Word Magic, completely ad-free. * This page was last modified on Mon, 19-Aug-2019 11:59:58 CST Translate the text into any program on your computer with a single click. Welcome to the free trial of our Premium online dictionary. You now have limited access to our huge dictionary. Enjoy it and make good use of it! For unlimited access, subscribe to our premium dictionary. Search results: 672. Correct: 672. Response time: 191 ms This word is part of the content of our dictionary in its premium version. This content contains thousands of difficult, technical and special words and phrases, including translations, synonyms and definitions. * Definitions in English by: WordNet 2.0 Copyright 2003 from Princeton University. All rights reserved. An error occurred while connecting.

Make sure you have an account with us and that it is active. * Definitions in Spanish Copyright 2002-2008 Zirano Thank you for subscribing to the free trial. Please check your emails and click on the confirmation link to start your trial period.

Community Legal Advice`s hotline provides specific and independent advice to people living on social assistance or low-income. In our 7 clinics, we offer free short-term legal advice to self-represented litigants. Here`s a look that shows how dedicated our honor roll lawyers are: 242 recommendations | accepts in-kind donations of $490,839 | 2170 hours of donation On behalf of our client community, CLA would like to thank the following lawyers for their . Community Legal Advice is a government-funded advisory service established by the Commission des services juridiques as part of the Community Legal Service. It aims to help people in England and Wales deal with civil law issues and is part of the legal aid programme in these countries. BYU Law offers a variety of live client clinics that allow students to practice legal skills under the supervision of a faculty member or practicing lawyer. Clients can also access services and information from community partners, including: Community Action, Child and Family Services Department, Victim Advocates, Manpower Services Department, Centro Hispano, Housing, Timpanogos Legal Center and other agencies. The TLC is a free legal centre run by the Family Justice Centre (“CJF”) Walk-in Clinic. Law students work with the CJF, a free clinic for people with divorce, custody or family law issues. Advice on immigration and housing is also available. Every first Tuesday of the month, a lawyer is available to advise seniors on common legal issues among seniors. The Commission des services juridiques also manages client offices for legal advice in the municipality.

The centres offer free general personal legal advice at a first appointment and other specialist advice to persons entitled to legal aid. It includes a hotline, counselling centres and a series of advice brochures. The services previously included an information website, the functions of which were taken over by the Department of Justice website in February 2011. See: www.legalservices.gov.uk/public/community_legal_advice_helpline.asp Thursdays from 5 p.m. to 7 p.m. (closed vacation) Support in English and Spanish Email: communitylegalclinic@law.byu.edu Phone: 801-297-7049 The BYU Center for Peace and Conflict Resolution (CPCR) at the J. Reuben Clark School of Law is committed to transforming conflict on campus and around the world. Through mediation, arbitration, training workshops, research, lectures, university courses and consultations, the CPCR supports both BYU and the community beyond campus in building skills and promoting understanding of peace, negotiation, communication and conflict resolution. CLS provides access to justice through its short counselling clinics, direct representation and pro bono representation. Civil legal aid helps ensure fairness for all members of the justice system, no matter how much money you have. It provides access to legal assistance to individuals to protect their livelihoods, health and families.

Civil legal aid connects Americans with a range of services, including legal help and representation, self-help centers and other legal services, free legal clinics and pro bono support, as well as access to online information and forms that guide them through complex legal proceedings. In this way, civil legal aid helps Americans protect their livelihoods, health, and families. The Community Legal Clinic offers free legal advice to those in need. Second- and third-year law students under the direction of Professor Carl Hernandez represent clients in areas such as immigration, contracts, housing and other matters. Citizenship and other community courses are also taught at the clinic. Legal service providers often face the challenge of providing complex and scalable legal advice to many of them. We are strongly committed to holistic legal aid for low-income residents. Community Legal Aid SoCal promotes equal access to the justice system through advocacy, self-help services, community building, legal advice and representation.

We provide free and high-quality civil law services to the most vulnerable members of society whose human rights and basic needs are threatened and for whom there are significant obstacles to justice. As the needs of our community continue to grow, we are pleased to announce that we are hiring 3 new employees. 2 lawyers and. Read More The Community Legal Advice website has provided information and self-help tools to help people deal with common legal issues on their own. This included advice on areas of law not covered by the hotline, such as consumer law, health and social services. In February 2011 (like the Ministry of Constitutional Affairs` online services in 2007), it was adopted from the Department of Justice website. The original CLA website remains readable in “snapshots” at the National Archives. [1]. Community legal services can assist qualified Arizonans in certain types of civil cases.

Click here to see the full list of employment-related topics we support our clients with. The Worcester Fair Housing Project is fighting discrimination in the Worcester County rental market. The Worcester Fair Housing Project, a partnership between CLA and the City of Worcester, provides support to Worcester County residents who. Do you have any stimulus and other fiscal issues? For those who qualify, free help is available. Copyright 2019 by Community Legal Services of Prince Georges County, Inc. Click here to see how we can help you with utilities, LIHEAP and Weatherization. Help us fight for equal justice for residents of central and western Massachusetts “Most Americans don`t realize that your home can be taken away from you, that your children can be taken away, and that you can become a victim of domestic violence, but you have no constitutional right to a lawyer to protect you.” JOHN SMITH bought his home in Oxford, a town west of Worcester, in 1977. He worked at a Sakrete Concrete manufacturing plant in his hometown, raised a family there, and was, by all accounts, a responsible owner. He paid off his mortgage and made his .

Learn how to file your taxes for free and search for VITA and AARP tax preparation sites in your area. Visit the IRS for help and information. Are you late with your water bill? DHS`s new water support program can help! Low-income home water assistance. In October 2021, we celebrated our 70th anniversary with a virtual program Click here to see the full list of utilities we support our customers with (including SNAP, health insurance, etc.). The International Centre for Legal and Religious Studies was formally established and began its activities on 1 January 2000 to provide the institutional basis for our long-term legal and religious initiatives worldwide. Over the next decade, we have become a recognized leader in the field of religious rights, both domestically in the United States and abroad. Work in the United States included congressional testimony in support of bills and participation in numerous conferences in the United States. At the international level, ICLRS staff now play a key role in organizing and participating in 20 to 30 regional conferences and consultations on legislative reform per year in countries around the world.