Article 56 contains provisions on the rights, jurisdiction and obligations of the coastal State in the EEZ. Article 56, paragraph 1, provides that the coastal State shall have in the EEZ: (a) sovereign rights to explore and exploit, conserve and manage the living and non-living natural resources of the waters above the seabed and seabed and their subsoil, as well as in respect of other economic exploitation and exploration activities in the area; such as energy production from water; currents and winds; (b) the competence provided for in the relevant provisions of this Convention with respect to: (i) the construction and use of artificial islands, installations and structures; (ii) marine scientific research; (iii) the protection and conservation of the marine environment. Article 58 of the 1982 Convention governs the rights and obligations of other States in the EEZ, according to which, in the exclusive economic zone, all States, coastal or landlocked, enjoy the freedoms of navigation, overflight and laying of submarine cables and pipelines referred to in article 87, subject to the relevant provisions of that Agreement. and other uses of the sea permitted by international law within the framework of these freedoms, such as those related to the operation of ships, aircraft and submarine cables and pipelines and compatible with the other provisions of this Convention (Article 58(1) of 1982). The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), through its Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, coordinates programmes in the areas of marine research, observing systems, risk reduction and better management of oceans and coastal areas. The course of this whole case, the activation of different jurisdictions on the path of 9 years of proceedings is certainly a good research topic to understand the complexity of the concept of criminal justice according to the maritime regime. This is one of the most debated cases of modern times, with many political angles. The whole narrative of international relations can also be ventured through this affair. The Sir Creek dispute was first brought before a court in 1965, which issued a ruling granting Pakistan 10% of its claimed territory.
Many discussions followed, but no solution was found.[34] Many principles can be applied to reach a fair agreement. These principles can be explored through research. In the past, the principle of Mare Liberum was effective, unlike the current common heritage of humanity today. This change in dynamics has fundamentally altered the law of the sea and opened up new avenues for legal concepts and research. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Montego Bay, 10 December 1982), UNCLOS, is the most comprehensive international treaty and covers a range of maritime law issues, such as the establishment of maritime boundaries, islands, marine areas, fisheries, protection of the marine environment, deep-sea mining, marine scientific research, criminal offences at sea and maritime policy. ITLOS, ICJ and PCA are responsible for the settlement of international disputes relating to the law of the sea. Since each member state has been recognized by the UN General Assembly and has one vote, finding General Assembly resolutions that are adopted unanimously or almost unanimously can be an excellent starting point for the legal research process. Pay attention to the wording of the resolution.
Those with firm commitments, as opposed to those that are merely ambitious or advisory, are more likely to be seen as valuable evidence of customary international law. In international courts, disputes may often arise between neighbouring coastal States over the definition of the maritime boundary, the exploitation of minerals or natural resources, the commission of crimes within the territorial boundary of another State, etc. Such disputes are generally settled by international tribunals on the basis of claims submitted by the parties concerned under the rules of international maritime law or according to precedents established as a central source of international law. However, the present study focuses on the rules of international law commonly referred to as the “law of the sea” and is intended to serve as a starting point for research on the law of the sea. This research focuses in particular on the broader area of the law of the sea, which appears to include mainly issues relating to baselines, internal waters, the territorial sea, the contiguous zone, the exclusive economic zone (EEZ), the high seas and the continental shelf.